Monogamy

Question 1

examples of monogamy in primates

Answer 1

gibbons!

Question 2

case study

Answer 2

sommer-reichard 1999: white handed gibbons in thailand

Question 3

traditional view of monogamy

Answer 3

male + female + offspring:

1. strict territortality
2. pair formation by natal dispersal
3. life long mongaomy
4. monogamy exclusivity
5. nuclear familities
6. pairbonded

Question 4

revised view of monogamy in gibbons

Answer 4

not 100% monogamous (just pair-bonded)but

1. extracopulations occur
2. divorces occur

Question 5

what are gibbon social structures driven by

Answer 5

female resource compeititon (CONTEST; are fruit eaters)

Question 6

hypothesis of mongamy in primates

Answer 6

1. male mate guarding technique
   a. improve own reproductive success
   b. prevent extra-copulation
   c. paternity certainity
2. infanticide protection
3. for secondary paternal care

Question 7

most probably theory of mongamy

Answer 7

reduce infanticide= allow extended developmental period of child crucial for big brains

Question 8

primatologists studying monogamy

Answer 8

opie 2013

Question 9

when is monogamy likely to devvelop

Answer 9

when males can defend patches with equaly quality of resources (food, shelter, etc) meaning mate guarding is easier as environmental reasons doesnt influence female choice

Question 10

how do male gibbons guard their mates

Answer 10

remain in proximity
chase away others
attract females (by parental investment)

Question 11

hypothesis of monogamy in mammals

Answer 11

• male to male mate guarrding strategy
• infanticide protection
• secondary paternal care

Question 12

origins of mongamy

Answer 12

long lactation periods due to altricial infants= need more protection= need more bi-parental care to speed up lcation and reduce infanticide

hence; polygyandry—> social monogamy evolved

Question 13

dispersal effect on mongamy

Answer 13

if females occupy small areas and are dispresed from one another; hard for males to monopolize all of them= hence just guard ONE

Question 14

most probably theory for mongamy according to opie

Answer 14

infanticide risks; mongamy stops this which allows for extended brain development

Question 15

female pros of monogamy

Answer 15

ally for food access
infant care= increased own RS
defense
security

Question 16

where are the gibbons

Answer 16

in Khao Yai (thainland rainforest)

Question 17

traditional view of gibbon social structures

Answer 17

1. livei n nuclear familes
2. breeding pair are lifelong sexually monogamous
3. are territorial
4. they sing to defent territort
5. dueting functions to strengthen pair bond

Question 18

revision of gibbon social structures

Answer 18

• group ranges overlap so mutual territory not exclusive
• partners changes/epc exist
• Dueting/singing functions as a way for females to advertise themselves and males to say that they are taken

Question 19

competing hypothesis for monogamy

Answer 19

1. guarding against infanticide
2. mate guarding
3. reduce predation risk
4. defend an exclusive rsource
5. biparental care

Question 20

conditions of guarding against infanticide hypothesis

Answer 20

1. no strict sesaonltiy
2. long birth intereveals/lactiaonal ammherorea casued by altriciality
3. young not hidden in nests

Question 21

evidence for infanticide-monogamy hypothesis (opie)

Answer 21

1. dueting: dissccourages strange males to trespass
2. absence of mate; female will stop calling when shes vulnerable to infanticide
3. females wary of male intruders= less willing to get involved in terrotirial encounters if they had an infant or not
4. high male infanticide is the onlt trait to consisstent precede apperance of social monogamy, as both parents need to be there to defened child and shortened lacation reduces infanticide likehilood (opie 2013)

Question 22

evidence against infanticide hypothesis (sommer and Reichard)

Answer 22

1. gibbons= calling sometimes transforms into triot with immature males/females (sommer, reichard)
2. duetting= might be a way to check for male fitness rahter than reinforce monogamy

Question 23

mate guarding hypothesis explanation

Answer 23

males= cant defend a large enough area to encompass the range of more than one female

caused by female dispersion due to/and resource competition

Question 24

predator risk hypothesis explanation

Answer 24

male vigiliance allows mates to concentrate on feeding= thus more offspring are produced (RS increases)

Question 25

resource defense hypothesis explanation

Answer 25

male defends territory against other individuasl for female

Question 26

bi parental care hypothesis explanation

Answer 26

if high costs of raiing offspring= females need extra help | new world primates; tamarins and marmosets

Question 27

mate guarding hypothesis evidence against

Answer 27

Shaik and Dunbar: gibbon males help gain more conceptions if they opt to just find as many females as possible (EPC)

Question 28

predator risk hypothesis evidence against

Answer 28

differences in feeding times between males and females insgifiancant

Question 29

resource defense hypothesis evidence against

Answer 29

- territortires might overlap - territories dont decrease in size after male death (shaik and dunbar 1990) - gibbons exhibit all characteristics of non territorial primates

Question 30

bi parental care hypothesis evidence against

Answer 30

paternal care follows apperance of social monogamy rather than preceding it: as not all socially monogamous mammals have it (opie 2013)