morphology

Question 1

Morphology

Answer 1

The internal structure of words and the principles underlying such structuring

Question 2

Words/lexemes

Answer 2

• a minimal free form
• Words are stored in a speaker mental lexicon
• They are stored as phonological representation(sounds), meaning, and lexical category or word class
• word/lexemes can have several form or exponents
  Cat: i saw a black cat vs i saw three black cats
  Ring: the phone is ringing, the phone rang

Question 3

morphemes

Answer 3

• the minimal units of language which bear meaning or function
• How many morphemes are the in: The old teapot disappeared into the tree-s
  The old tea-pot dis-appear-ed in-to the trees
  12 morphemes

Question 4

Simple words

Answer 4

Simple words consist of one morpheme (old, the)

Question 5

Complexs words

Answer 5

Complex words consist of two morphemes (teapot, disappeared, into, trees)

Question 6

Free morphemes

Answer 6

don’t need to be attached to another element to convey their meaning or function (old, tea, pot, appear, tree)

Question 7

Bound morphemes (affixes)

Answer 7

must always be attached to another element (dis-, -ed, -s)
Always written with a hyphen where it connect

Question 8

base or stem

Answer 8

-The form to which an affix is added
examples:
the base of trees is tree
the base of governments is government
the base of government is govern
The base of lucky is luck
The base of luckily is lucky (NOTE: sometimes the spelling changes when morphemes are combined)

Question 9

root

Answer 9

• the morpheme in a word that carried the core component of the words meaning and belongs to a major lexical category (roots always the same)
  example
  The root of luckily is luck
  The root of lucky is luck
  The root of government is govern
  The roots of governments is govern
  The root of disappeared is appear

Question 10

Crosslinguistic variation

Answer 10

Some of the most apparent different between languages are differences in morphology

Question 11

Degree of synthesis

Answer 11

• how many morphemes does a language tend to pack into a word
• isolating to polysynthetic

Question 12

Degree of fusion

Answer 12

• how separable are the morphemes from each other
  Agglutinating—fusional
  Example on slide has a low degree of fusion because they are easily separable it is agglutinating

Question 14

Word hood

Answer 14

how we know when a word begins and ends for example ice cream, blackboard, black board???

because:
* native speaker intuition (although orthography may
interfere)
* independent & phonologically coherent
- can be pronounced alone
- pauses tend to not split up words
- interjections tend to not split up words
- phonological processes such as word stress
* language change: words frequently used together may
become one unit, i.e., one word

Question 15

Compounding

Answer 15

• the combining of two roots, stems or words to form a new word
• A major morphological process for creating new words
  (root + root = new word)
  Example: Tea + pot = teapot (root + root = new word) or over + look = overlook
• no affixes involved
• most compounds have a head

Question 16

morhposyntax

Answer 16

the head determines the lexical category of the compound

Question 17

semantics

Answer 17

• the meaning of the compound is a hyponym of the meaning of the head
• Compounds with such a head are called endocentric
  Example: teapot is a noun, like pot, and a teapot is a type of pot

Question 18

Affix types: operation on bases

Answer 18

1. Prefixation: Prefix– BASE (dis-appear, re-play, il-legal)
2. Suffixation: BASE –Suffix (great-ly
   govern-ment, hunt-er)
3. Infixation: BA –Infix– SE (Tagalog: takbuh ‘run’ tumakbuh ‘ran, lakad ‘walk’ lumakad ‘walked’)
4. Partial Reduplication: BA– BASE
   (Tagalog: takbuh ‘run’ tatakbuh ‘will run’
   lakad ‘walk’ lalakad ‘will walk’)
5. Full Reduplication: BASE– BASE
   (Indonesian: oraŋ ‘man’ oraŋoraŋ ‘all sorts of men ‘anak ‘child’ anakanak ‘all sorts of children’ maŋga ‘mango’ maŋgamaŋga ‘all sorts of mangos’)

Question 19

Bound roots

Answer 19

• Some roots are bound and cannot stand alone
  Unkempt: un + kempt ‘unclean, badly groomed’
  Inept: in + ept (latin)
  Kii-ta ‘listened’ **kii ‘listen’ cannot be said on its own (japanese)
• Bound roots, especially those without clear meaning, show the limits of a piece-based view of morphology

Japanese: all verb roots are bound roots
kii-ta ‘listened’ *kii ‘listen’
listen- PST

Question 20

Morphological analysis strategies

Answer 20

• Isolate a morpheme by finding one form (string of sounds)
  and one meaning which stays constant (recurs) in two or
  more words.
• A “leftover” form (string of sounds) and meaning in two or
  more words may also be a morpheme - “means of subtraction.”
• Caveat: “We cannot expect that every word in the free translation will correspond to a specific morpheme in the language.” (Genetti p. 87)

Question 21

Autosegmental affixes

Answer 21

• affixes which are a discontinuous sequence of segments, tones, or similar which are combined with the segments of the base in a specific way

Hebrew example: jalad ‘give birth’ vs. jalud ‘born’ etc.

• Hebrew and other semitic languages have consonantal roots and auto segmental affixes
  Root ‘birth’ #jld#

Question 22

auto segmental representation

Answer 22

autosegmental representation: root & affix on different tiers
Af (‘progressive verb’)
j a l o d
Root (‘birth’)

Question 23

True or false: auto segmentals can apply to different tones creating different meaning

Answer 23

True! For example, Chichewa (a Bantu language spoken in Malawi, and parts of
Mozambique & Zimbabwe)
a. ndináfótokoza ‘I explained’ (simple past)
b. ndinafótókoza ‘I explained’ (recent past)
c. ndinâ:fótókoza ‘I explained’ (remote past)
* The different past tenses are distinguished by different tones
(high and falling), the placement of these tones, and, in one
case, vowel length. These are all suprasegmental features.

Question 24

non-concatenative

Answer 24

• autosegmental affixes are instances of non-concatenative
  morphology
• they support a view of morphology that is not piece-based or
  morpheme-based: morphology is not like putting lego blocks
  together
• Non-concatenative morphology is a type of word formation where words are formed by altering the internal structure of a root rather than by simply adding prefixes, suffixes, or infixes in a linear way
• Instead of stringing morphemes together, you modify vowels, consonants, tones, or other features inside the root.

Question 25

inflection

Answer 25

- morphological processes that add grammatical meaning to a lexeme - Inflection does not create new lexemes - Grammatical information Ex. sigular/plural = number present/past/future = tense stative/progressive/perfective = aspect nominative/accusative/sative/genitive = case masculine/feminine/neuter = gender Most commonly inflection involves affixation

Question 26

8 types of English inflectional affixes

Answer 26

Attaching to nouns: 1. Plural -s: the ducks, all my friends, these matches 2. Possessive ‘s the duck’s feet, my friend's book, the match's colour Attaching to verbs: 3. Third person sg, present tense -s: she likes oysters 4. Past tense -ed: they worked yesterday 5. Progressive -ing: they were working all night 6. Past participle -ed/-en: they have worked on this together, she has eaten the whole oyster Attaching to adjectives or adverbs: 7. comparative -er: stronger, bigger, smaller, earlier 8. superlative -est: strongest, biggest, smallest, earliest

Question 27

NOTES on verbal inflectional affixes

Answer 27

1: A verb with past tense -ed always remains a verb and can be changed into present or future tense. The book bored (/ bores / will bore) them. past tense The bored (/ *bores / *will bore) audience left. not past tense 2: A verb with progressive -ing always remains a verb and is always preceded by a form of 'to be'. The dog was / is / has been barking. progressive I am afraid of the (*is/*was) barking dog. not progressive

Question 28

How to distinguish past participle -ed from past tense -ed

Answer 28

- You can replace it with eaten or done or some other clearly distinct past participle. The book has bored (/ eaten / chosen / done) them. past part. The audience was bored (/ eaten / chosen / done). past part. The bored (/ eaten / chosen / done) audience. past part. The book bored (/ *eaten / *chosen / *done) them. not past part

Question 29

NOTES on attaching to adjectives

Answer 29

-er & -est mainly attach to short adjectives (1-2 syllables) *intelligenter, *intelligentest; ?beautifuller, ?beautifullest - longer adjectives do not use an inflectional affix but a free morpheme: more intelligent, most intelligent, etc. - you can also combining both methods into a double comparative or double superlative: more louder, most hardest, more dressier

Question 30

non-affical inflection

Answer 30

- There are some other morphological phenomena (besides affixation) which are often used in inflection 1. Internal change: A part of a root is changed, often the vowel. E.g: English "irregular" plurals and tenses hang [hæŋ] — hung [hʌŋ] find [fajnd] — found [fawnd] think [θɪŋk] — thought [θɑt] foot [fʊt] — feet [fit] - internal change is a non-concatenative morphological process - it supports a view of morphology that is not piece-based or morpheme-based (morphology is not like putting lego blocks together) 2. Suppletion: One morpheme (usually a root) is replaced by an entirely different morpheme. E.g. English: be–am–is–are–was (think—thought "partial suppletion") French: être [ɛtʁ]–suis [syi]–est [e]–sommes [sɔm] 'be' 'am' 'is' 'are (1pl)'

Question 31

Criteria for derivation

Answer 31

- it is affixation - it creates a new word - it changes the meaning (to a new but related meaning) - many types of derivation also change the lexical category

Question 32

Derivational affixes

Answer 32

- those affixes which are used in derivation (ex. Affixes which create new words) Many english suffixes change the lexical category of the word Many english prefixes don't change the legal category of the word Each affix has one specific lexical category that is attached to * examples of derivation: (1) kind + -ness = kindness

Question 33

True or false: Derivations proceeds inflection

Answer 33

true

Question 34

true or false: Derivation, inflection and compounding interact with one another

Answer 34

true! Examples Life insurance policy Life insure-ance policy

Question 35

What are the two major functions of morphology?

Answer 35

1. mark grammatical information: inflection 2. create new words: compounding, derivation

Question 36

how suffixes and prefixes change or don't change to lexical category of a word

Answer 36

- many (English) suffixes change the lex. cat. of the word - most (English) prefixes don't change the lexical category - each affix has one specific lex. cat. that it attaches to

Question 37

Major lexical categories/Word classes

Answer 37

-sets of words that are morphological and syntactic behaviour (nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc) Many inflectional and derivational affixes attach only to certain word classes For example: - ment attaches to verbs to form nouns (governments, employment, amusement)