horizontal displacement
shortest distance from the starting point to the finishing point - the way the crow flies
three factors affecting it:
- angle of release
- speed of release
- height of release
angle of release
optimum angle dependent upon release and landing height
release + landing height EQUAL- 45 degrees
release height BELOW landing- greater than 45 degrees
release height ABOVE landing- less than 45 degrees
speed of release
greater the speed/velocity the greater the horizontal displacement
speed of shift (force) also affects horizontal displacement, like a shotput using speed and power from spin before to go further
height of release
a greater release height results in increased horizontal displacement
gravity constantly working to pull it down so the higher it starts off the longer it will take to reach the ground
true parabola
uniform curve that is symmetrical at its highest point
projectiles with large weight force (shotput) have SMALL air resistance and will follow a true parabolic flight
distorted parabola
non uniform curve - squished at the end
projectiles with lighter mass (shuttlecock) will increase in air resistance working against it halting the flight leading to a non-parabolic flight
vertical component
upward motion of an object - affected by gravity
horizontal component
horizontal motion of an object - remains constant
drag force
acts opposite to the direction of motion and negatively effects velocity
produced from air resistance and friction
surface drag
friction between the surface of an object and the fluid environment
-swimmers shave or wear tight smooth clothing to reduce surface drag
form drag/shape drag
impact of the fluid environment on the object
streamlining is key
streamlining
involves shaping body so it can move quickly and effectively through a fluid
reducing the frontal cross-sectional surface area also makes them more streamlined
-swimmers create thinnest and straightest shape to move quicker
slipstreaming
large form drag offers less turbulent air in pocket behind the first object
-wind hits first cyclist and goes round the sides so second cyclist can save 30% energy by going 15-30 cm behind
factors increasing and reducing drag
- velocity of moving object: the greater the velocity, the greater the drag force
- faster sports like sprinting, race car driving need to reduce drag more - cross-sectional area: larger c-s area increases drag
- cyclists and skiers crouch down to reduce area and drag - shape and surface characteristics: streamlined, aerodynamic shape key
- drag resistant clothes may help. skiers helmet goes to shoulders
bernoulli’s principle
where air molecules exert less pressure the faster they travel and more pressure when they travel slower
lift force
causes the body to move perpendicular to the direction of travel
allows object to stay in the air longer which increases horizontal distance
angle of attack
the tilt of the projectile relative to the air flow
if too great, then too much drag will result
-ideal is between 25 and 40 degrees
producing lift force on a discus
angle of attack changes the flow of air around the discus
- air above the discuss has to travel further than air below
- air above travels at a faster speed
- meaning air above has a lower pressure than air below
- lower pressure above creates upward lift force allowing discus in the air longer
- increased horizontal displacement
producing greater frictional force - F1
formula 1 car has a spoiler angled to direct the lift force downward
- air traveling over the top has a shorter distance as the spoiler creates a longer distance underneath the car
- air above the car travels at a slower velocity and higher pressure
- creates a downwards lift force and greater frictional force
- tyres maintain firm grip when traveling round the corners fast
scalar quantity
measurements described only in size/magnitude:
-mass, distance, speed-
vector quantity
measurements described in terms of size and direction
-weight, acceleration, displacement, velocity and momentum
mass
quality of matter a body possesses (kg)
distance
path a body takes as it moves from the starting to finishing point (m)
speed
rate at which a body moves per unit of time (m/s)
speed = distance ÷ time
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