Why do individuals move?
- find food
- find a sutiable mate
- escape danger
What are the advantages of passive movement?
- little of no energy expedicture
- can move passively through water and air
- some species attach themselves to hosts
What are the disadvantages of passive movement?
- No control over where you end up –> may end up in sub-optimal environments.
Whare are the advantages of active movement?
- Can control where you end up
- organisms can move through all environments
What are the disadvantages of active movement?
- Energy is required
- Individuals need to balance low energy is used.
What are the ads to moving in H2O?
- Support
- Hydration dissociation not a problem
- environmentally buffered.
What are the disads of moving in water?
- Strong currents
- Must maintain buoyancy - energy and specialised structures.
- water levels may fluctuate
What are the challenges to moving on land?
- O2 in air = need to capture it.
- Lack of water = dehydration or dissociation becomes a problem
UV radiation causes DNA and cell damage - No support - need structures that support them
- Energy-hungry passive movement is typically limited terrestrial ecosystems are complex and vary dramatically.
what are the adaptions to living on land?
- cell walls
- vascular tissues
- lignin and bark
- seeds or spores
- legs
How can living things move in air?
- safest and most challenging
- gravity wins - adaptions required to ensure list
- strong wind currents - can end up in sub optimal environments.
- extremely energy hungry - flying requires large muscles.
What are the adaptions that have occurred for living things to be able to fly?
- light - taken by the wind anyway
- produce lots of seeds - chance of landing in a good environment is low.
- large SA for list
- Enlarged muscles for flight = may need to trade off w/ something else.
What are some of the early adaptions for active movement?
- Cilia = hair like structures covering outside of the body (In nose and and esophagus).
- Pseudopods (false feet) = move out in specfic directions.
- flagella = longer hair like structures that propel a body around
Explain how Cnidarians move:
- Jellyfish: expand and contract their bell shaped bodies o propel themselves
- muscles assist.
- energy efficient
- accumulate to gain nutrients.
Explain how molluscs move:
- take water in their mouth then contract their body to push water through a funnel to propel themselves
- Tentacles also help.
Explain the land movement of molluscs:
Look at Celeste’s Notes!!
How do Annelids move?
- Marine worms:
- free swimming and sedentary
- unjointed leg like ‘parapodia’ on every body segment
- Earthworms:
- terrestrial
- grow very fast
How do vertebrates move?
- Subphylum of chordates
- All chordates have:
- SEE CELESTE NOTES
Cartilaginous VS bony fish:
- earliest fish had a cart… skeleton
- bony skeleton evolved over time
- fish move using caueled tail and fins.
- movement is active and assisted by muscle
- maintance of buoyancy = essential to save energy.
What are the characteristics of cartilaginous fish?
- large liver (25-30%) of body weight, filled w/low-density oil
- cart lighter than bone
-pectoral fins provide dynamic list
What are the characteristics of bony fish?
- swim bladder for buoyancy
- swim bladders are evolutionarily closely related to lungs.
- made of rows of bone
What are the characteristics of insects?
- hard exoskeleton
- inhabit water, land, and air
- six legs
- wing = stiff membrane of exoskeleton strengthened by veins.
What are Archosaurs? And what are their characteristics?
- reptiles adapted to repoduce w/o water.
- Archosours aren’t monophylitic - evolved from dinosaurs.
- Adaptions for flight:
- bone less dense
- enlarged chest muscle for flight
- feathers
- systems of air sacs in their body that connect to the lungs - allows them to extract much more O2
What are the characteristics of mammals?
- Dinosaurs and mammals evolved from reptiles but walk upright.
- hip joints, upper limb changed (femur underneath so pelvis bears weight).
- changed slower –> faster
What skeletal structures occurred in mammals?
- big toe reduced
- pelvis shortened, more bowl like
- femur bends inwards, knee straightened, Patella central to joint.
- ____
- less robust upper arms.
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Reproduction26
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Respiration24
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Seeding27
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Excretion22
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Movement25
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Fossil Records16
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Evolution8
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Hardy-Weinberg Theorem8
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Natural Selection12
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Mutations11
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Gene Flow0
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Molecular Genetics0
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Life's complexity0
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Metabolism0
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When bodies fall apart0
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Receiving Information0
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Receiving Signals0
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Transferring Information0
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Fever and Thermoregulation23
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Mitochondrial Disease1
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Brain Development0
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Gastroenteritis and Typhoid21
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Asthma29
