Reproduction

Question 1

Why reproduction?

Answer 1

To pass on genetic material avoiding extinction.

Question 2

True or false, reproduction can occur with or without a partner?

Answer 2

True - sexual and asexual.

Question 3

When and why did meiotic sex evolve?

Answer 3

1.2 Billion years ago.
Evolved to increased genetic diversity.

Question 4

Is asexual reproduction commonly present?

Answer 4

found in all domains and 6 kingdoms of life (bacteria, archaea, Protista, fungi, plantae, animobia).

Question 5

What are the 6 different types of asexual reproduction?

Answer 5

1. Fission
2. Budding
3. Fragmentation
4. Vegetative propagation
5. Spore formation
6. Parthenogenesis

Question 6

What kingdoms/domains is sexual reproduction present in?

Answer 6

1. Protista
2. Fungi
3. Plantae
4. Animalia

Question 7

Explain what dioecous VS monecious/hermaphroditic means in terms of differences between S VS AS R:

Answer 7

• An individual with only male or female characteristics VS an individual with both male and female reproductive systems

Question 8

Explain this difference in sexual reproduction: Internal VS external fertilization.

Answer 8

Fusion of gametes inside VS outside an organism

Question 9

Explain this difference in sexual reproduction: Oviparous VS Viviparous

Answer 9

Laying eggs VS giving birth to live young.

Question 10

Explain this difference in sexual reproduction: Few offspring VS many offspring

Answer 10

Producing a couple of offspring in a mating season VS producing thousands

Question 11

What are the four differing factors between S and AS R?

Answer 11

1. Dioecious VS monoecious/hermaphroditic
2. Internal VS external fertilization
3. Oviparous VS viviparous
4. Few offspring VS many offspring

Question 12

What is fission?

Answer 12

All domains and kingdoms
Uni and Multicellular
Parent cell DIVIDED into equal parts.

Question 13

What is binary fission?

Answer 13

Fission results in 2 cells or organisms (bacteria/archaea)

Question 14

What is multiple fission?

Answer 14

Fission results in more than two cells (protista)

Question 15

What is budding?

Answer 15

• All domains and kingdoms
• Uni and multicellular
• Parent cell divided into UNEQUAL PARTS
• Small outgrowth forms on the new parents cell/org and breaks off to form a new daughter cell or organism
• can occur anywhere or at specific budding sites depending on the organism

Question 16

What is fragmentation?

Answer 16

• All eukaryotic kingdoms (multicellular only)
• Fragments break off and become new organisms

Question 17

What is vegetative propagation?

Answer 17

• Plantae (multicellular only)
• New plant grows form a plant fragment
• Different strategies: runners, bulbs, tubers, suckers/basal shoots/root sprouts.

Question 18

Explain the process of spore formation:

Answer 18

• Found in protista, fungi and plantae
• Uni and multicellular orgs
• Parent forms 100’s of spores stored in a casing until ready to be released.
• Allows for dispersed to new locations
• Can grow into new indivdividual w/o requiring fertilisation
• Many orgs producing via spores can also reproduce sexually.

Question 19

What is parthenogensis?

Answer 19

• Animalia only (multicellular)
• unfert egg develops into an indiviudual #
• orgs can also reproduce sexually.

Question 20

Explain what zombie cockroaches are:

Answer 20

Inject venom from their stinger into insects to control the minds of their prey

Question 21

Orchid:

Answer 21

Produces pollen seeds which it glues to a bee’s head to then pollinate another orchid.

Question 22

Explain the alternation of genomes:

Answer 22

• Found in multicellular protists, all land plants and some diploid forms are multicellular
• Diploid gives rise to spores
• Haploid form gives rise to gametes
• Animals don’t fit this as our haploid form is unicellular.

Question 23

Explain how fungi reproduce:

Answer 23

• Different fungi reproduce differently.
• Mushrooms: 3 stages in sexual reproduction:
  - 1. Plasmogamy
  - 2. Hemogamy (fission/fertilisation)
  - 3. Meiosis (produces haploid spores)

Question 24

Explain what an angiosperms is:

Answer 24

• Flower is the reproductive organ
• Stamen = male part
• For fertilisation pollen grain needs to fall on the stigma to sterilise ovules.

Question 25

Explain the 2 processes of pollination:

Answer 25

- Abiotic: wind or water movement - Biotic: movement by animals (pollination)

Question 26

Explain external and internal pollination:

Answer 26

Look at Celeste Notes!!!