MRI

Question 1

Who suggested that nuclear particles have an angular momentum (spin) in 1924?

Answer 1

Pauli

Question 2

What did Purcell learn in 1946 about matter?

Answer 2

Matter absorbs energy at a resonant frequency

Question 3

What did Bloch show in 1946 about nuclear precession?

Answer 3

Can be measured in detector coils

Question 4

When was NMR renamed to MRI?

Answer 4

1970

Question 5

When did MRI become clinically prevalent?

Answer 5

1990

Question 6

Who are the people who won Nobel Prizes for Magnetic Resonance?

Answer 6

• Rabi
• Felix Bloch
• Edward Mills Purcell
• Richard Ernst
• Kurt Wuthrich
• Paul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield

Question 7

How many Nuclear Spin phenomenon were discovered?

Answer 7

6

Question 8

How many Electron Spin Phenomenon were created?

Answer 8

3

Question 9

What is a MRI (Magnetic Resoance Imaging)?

Answer 9

Uses magnetic properties of hydrogen and its interactions to produce a large external magnetic field and radio waves to create images of the human body

Question 10

Which one uses radiation. CT or MRI?

Answer 10

CT

Question 11

What are the average strength of clinical MRI scanners?

Answer 11

1.5-3 Telsa (30,000 gauss)

Question 12

What happens if you ignore safety requirements of MRI?

Answer 12

Metallic objects can get pulled by the machine, it can cause £100,000 of damages to start a emergency due to cost of releasing helium (used to cool the MRI) and potential harm to the machine and the person/people affected.

Question 13

What does Anatomical MRI do?

Answer 13

Provide information to qualitaitvely and quntitatively describe the shape, size and integrity of various brain tissue (e.g white matter and CSF (cerebrospinal fluid))

Question 14

What is the difference between T1 weighted constrast and T2 weighted contrast?

Answer 14

T2 weighted scans dont pick up new lesions but show older inactive lesions

Question 15

In a T1 weighted scan, what colour is the CSF?

Answer 15

Dark

Question 16

In a T1 weighted scan, what colour is the White Matter?

Answer 16

Light

Question 17

In a T1 weighted scan, what colour is the Cortex?

Answer 17

Gray

Question 18

In a T1 weighted scan, what colour is the fat (Within the bone marrow)?

Answer 18

Bright

Question 19

In a T1 weighted scan, what colour is the inflammation?

Answer 19

Dark

Question 20

In a T2 weighted scan, what colour is the CSF?

Answer 20

Bright

Question 21

In a T2 weighted scan, what colour is the White Matter?

Answer 21

Dark Grey

Question 22

In a T2 weighted scan, what colour is the Cortex

Answer 22

Light Grey

Question 23

In a T2 weighted scan, what colour is the fat (within bone marrow)?

Answer 23

Light

Question 24

In a T2 weighted scan, what colour is the inflammation?

Answer 24

Bright

Question 25

In a Flair weighted scan, what colour is the CSF?

Answer 25

Dark

Question 26

In a Flair weighted scan, what colour is the White Matter?

Answer 26

Dark Gray

Question 27

In a Flair weighted scan, what colour is the Cortex?

Answer 27

Light Grey

Question 28

In a Flair weighted scan, what colour is the Fat (within bone marrow)?

Answer 28

Light

Question 29

In a Flair weighted scan, what colour is the Inflammation?

Answer 29

Bright

Question 30

Why is DWI (DIffusion Weighted Imaging) used?

Answer 30

High sensitivity for water diffusion, detects physiological changes immediately after a stroke

Question 31

What occurs to the brain over time?

Answer 31

Brain volume declines with age

Question 32

What occurs with youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

Answer 32

Brain matters in a normal pattern byt delayed three years in some regions on average compared to youth without disorder

Question 33

What is shown in DS (Down Syndrome) patients?

Answer 33

Reduced brain volume in DS patients when compared with age matched controls

Question 34

How can anatomical MRI be used?

Answer 34

Identifiying precise location of abnormalities (E.g tumours, lesion, hemorrhages)

Question 35

How can shrinkage of brain tissue or enlargement of ventricles be assessed and compared to?

Answer 35

Via MRI with different age groups

Question 36

How are motion artifacts caused?

Answer 36

Movement from unsettled individuals

Question 37

Why is automated tissue segmentation a limitation?

Answer 37

Unable to deal with anatomical variations and complex pathologies (E.g severe lesions) - Model performance needs training on data quality and diversity

Question 38

What are the limitations to predicting mental conditions in Yassin et al, 2020: 131 schizophrenia spectrum, 45 high functioning ASD, and 125 TD individuals?

Answer 38

- ASD subjects all male - Schizophrenia subjects were medicated - Modest sample size

Question 39

What are the advantages of MRI?

Answer 39

1. No X-rays or radioactive material is used. 2.Provides detailed view of the brain in different dimensions. 3.Safe, painless, non-invasive. 4.No special preparation (except the removal of all metal objects) is required from the patient. Patients can eat or drink anything before the procedure. 5.Excellent resolution

Question 40

What are the limitations of MRI?

Answer 40

1.Expensive to use. 2.Cannot be used in patients with metallic devices, like pacemakers. 3.Cannot be used with uncooperative patients because the patient must lie still. 4.Cannot be used with patients who are claustrophobic (afraid of small places). However, new MRI systems with a more open design are now available. 5.An MRI may not always be able to tell the difference between some disease processes