MS MIDTERM (ELECTROLYTES)

Question 1

Total Body Fluid

Answer 1

at least 40 L

Question 2

Body’s major organs work together to
maintain

Answer 2

fluid balance.

Question 3

Every illness has the potential to upset the

Answer 3

balance

Question 4

What electrolytes are lost
during diarrhea?

Answer 4

Low volume  hypovolemia  loss
of potassium and sodium

Question 5

Intake and output Difference within

Answer 5

200-300ml

Question 6

fluid losses from skin & lungs
 can’t be measured or seen.

Answer 6

Insensible losses

Question 7

fluid losses from urination,
defecation, & wounds
 can be measured.

Answer 7

Sensible losses

Question 8

A typical adult loses ___ to ____ ml of fluid
through defecation.

Answer 8

100 to 200

Question 9

Severe diarrhea losses may exceed

Answer 9

5,000
ml/day.

Question 10

_%of the body consists of fluid

Answer 10

60

Question 11

Intracellular space (ICF) ____ of the total
body water

Answer 11

[2/3]

Question 12

Extracellular space (ECF) ___ of the total
body water

Answer 12

[1/3]

Question 13

Cells use ____ to conduct electrical
charges, which is how ____

Answer 13

electrolytes, muscles contract.

Question 14

___ is good for contraction and for
the muscles.

Answer 14

Calcium

Question 15

what happens if potassium is very high?

Answer 15

Hyperkalemia  heart arrhythmias 
cardiac arrest

Question 16

inside the cell
o 40% of an adult
person’s body
weight or 28L

Answer 16

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

Question 17

outside the cell
o 20% of an adult
person’s body
weight or 14L

Answer 17

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Question 18

who can freely move between
the capillary walls and cell membranes?

Answer 18

WATER

Question 19

fluid within the blood vessel
(plasma)

Answer 19

o Intravascular space

Question 20

fluids that surround the cell
(11-12 L/adult)

Answer 20

Interstitial space

Question 21

(CSF, pericardial, synovial,
intraocular & pleural fluids)

Answer 21

Transcellular space

Question 22

(perform major regulatory functions)

Answer 22

kidney

Question 23

Maintains the kidney’s perfusion pressure
to regulate H2O and
electrolyte balance.

Answer 23

heart

Question 24

used to inhibit; to not
covert angiotensin I to
angiotensin II

Answer 24

ace inhibitor

Question 25

Maintains acid-base balance. o Renin interacts with angiotensin in the liver to form angiotensin I o Converts to angiotensin II (a powerful vasoconstrictor)

Answer 25

lungs

Question 26

Secretes Aldosterone, which alters fluid balance

Answer 26

adrenal glands

Question 27

Molecules of a solvent pass from a low- concentration solution to a high - concentration

Answer 27

osmosis

Question 28

Movement of solute from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration.

Answer 28

diffusion

Question 29

Movement of water and solutes from an area of high hydrostatic pressure to an area of low hydrostatic pressure.

Answer 29

filtration

Question 30

is the powerful force driving fluid to move out of the blood.

Answer 30

hydrostatic pressure

Question 31

___ has a higher concentration of proteins that reabsorb fluid back

Answer 31

Blood

Question 32

is the key or door opener of the cell to let potassium get into the cell

Answer 32

insulin

Question 33

protect your heart muscle because of the increased potassium

Answer 33

Calcium Gluconate

Question 34

volume deficit – 2% of body weight loss

Answer 34

mild

Question 35

volume deficit – 5% of body weight loss

Answer 35

moderate

Question 36

volume deficit – 8% or more of body weight loss

Answer 36

severe

Question 37

Give ____ if there is no nausea or vomiting - Ready the cannula

Answer 37

Oral

Question 38

What type of fluid are you going to use for volume deficit?

Answer 38

Lactated Ringer’s Solution o Because it contains loads of electrolytes

Question 39

o excess of total body Na+ & H2O, which leads to the ECF expansion.

Answer 39

Hypervolemia or Fluid overload

Question 40

occurs when the weak heart muscle does not pump blood adequately, and the kidneys may not get enough blood to function properly  The body retains fluids and salt to correct the balance.

Answer 40

CHF

Question 41

balance the amount of fluid & Na+ in the body  fluids build up in the body due to

Answer 41

kidney failure

Question 42

cause a build-up of scar tissue on the liver  liver can’t function as well with scar tissue

Answer 42

Cirrhosis

Question 43

damaged to small vessels in the kidneys  blood vessels filter waste & extra H2O from the blood.  can’t get rid of excess fluid due to the damage

Answer 43

Nephrotic syndrome

Question 44

(swelling of the cell)

Answer 44

HYPONATREMIA

Question 45

(shrinking of cell)

Answer 45

HYPERNATREMIA

Question 46

More dangerous than hypokalemia o Cardiac arrest is frequently associated with high serum K+ levels

Answer 46

hyperkalemia

Question 47

Blood Na+ level <135 mEq/L

Answer 47

hypoatremia

Question 48

Blood Na+ level >145 mEq/L

Answer 48

HYPERNATREMIA

Question 49

Serum K+ <3.5 mEq/L

Answer 49

hypokalemia

Question 50

Serum K+ >5.5 mEq/L

Answer 50

hyperkalemia

Question 51

Affects the heart, causing life- threatening problems.

Answer 51

Severe hyperkalemia

Question 52

Serum Ca level <8.5 mg/dL

Answer 52

hypocalcemia

Question 53

o Clinical findings associated with hypocalcemia o Twitch of the facial muscle that occurs when gently tapping the cheek.

Answer 53

Chvostek sign

Question 54

(+) when spasms of the hands & wrist occur after inflating a blood pressure cuff above the patient/s systolic BP for 3- 5 minutes

Answer 54

Trosseau’s Sign

Question 55

to restore or maintain normal fluid volume and electrolyte balance when oral route is not possible.

Answer 55

intravenous solutions

Question 56

small, dissolved molecules that pass quickly across semi- permeable membranes

Answer 56

CRYSTALLOIDS

Question 57

IV solutions given during emergency o larger molecules “PLASMA EXPANDER”

Answer 57

2. COLLOIDS

Question 58

Initially, an isotonic solution becomes hypotonic once dextrose is metabolized (expanding the ECF & ICF).

Answer 58

Dextrose 5% in Water (D5W)

Question 59

Should be avoided in clients at risk for increased intracranial pressure as it can cause cerebral edema.

Answer 59

Dextrose 5% in Water (D5W)

Question 60

Hartmann solution  Physiologically adaptable

Answer 60

Lactated Ringers 5% Dextrose in Water (D5LRS)

Question 61

Metabolizes in the liver should not be given to patients who cannot metabolize lactate

Answer 61

c. Lactated Ringers 5% Dextrose in Water (D5LRS)

Question 62

Cause swelling to the cell  Contains fewer solutes than plasma

Answer 62

HYPOTONIC IV FLUIDS

Question 63

solute concentration outside the cell is lower than inside the cell o when the cell is placed in a hypotonic environment, H2O enters the cell and swells.

Answer 63

HYPOTONIC IV FLUIDS

Question 64

AKA as half-strength normal saline  Used for replacing H2O in patients with hypovolemia with hypernatremia

Answer 64

0.45% Sodium Chloride (0.45% NaCl)

Question 65

Greater concentration of solutes than plasma.  Cause fluids to move out of the cells and into the ECF to normalize the concentration of particles between two compartments.  Causes cells to shrink & may disrupt their function.  AKA as volume expanders as they draw H2O out of the intracellular space, increasing extracellular fluid volume.

Answer 65

3. HYPERTONIC IV FLUIDS

Question 66

Used in the acute treatment of Na+ deficiency (severe hyponatremia)

Answer 66

5% sodium chloride (5% NaCl)

Question 67

Used to treat severe hypoglycemia and is administered rapidly via IV bolus.

Answer 67

Dextrose 50% in Water (D50W)

Question 68

Used for replacing H2O in patients with hypovolemia with hypernatremia

Answer 68

a. 0.45% Sodium Chloride (0.45% NaCl)