BIS 2C > MT 2 > Flashcards

MT 2 Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Actin Filaments

A

Primary component of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton
providing the force needed for membrane deformation, pseduopodia extension, and particle engulfment

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2
Q

Alpha-proteobacteria

A

Bacterial ancestors of mitochondria having entered into an endosymbiotic relationship with archaeal host to form the first eukaryotic cells.

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3
Q

Apical Complex

A

a specialized, asymmetric set of cytoskeletal elements and secretory organelles located at the anterior. Acts as a specialized machinary for host cell recognition, attachment, and invasion, allowing these pathogens to initiate intracellular infection.

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4
Q

Apicomplexa

A

Obligate, intracellular parasites of animals that use the apical complex to enter host cells

Plamodium falciparum is the most common apicomplexian responsible for malaria

These life cycles are complex and often involve in mutiple hosts

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5
Q

Apicoplast

A

Is a remnant chloroplast from secondary endosymbiosis.

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6
Q

Archea

A

-If Eukarya is not included, Archea is paraphyletic

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7
Q

Asgard Archea

A
  • (Outside-in) Cell membrane of the host (asgard) is homologous to the CM of eukaryotes
  • (Inside-out) nuclear membrane is homologous to the CM of Asgard
    Reason why Asgard Archaea was the host cell:
    The cytoskeleton of eukaryotes is encoded and regulated by genes which are homologous to some found in Asgard Archaea.
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8
Q

Bacteria

A
  • have ester linkages
  • rickettsiales related to mitochondria
    blue-green algae
    Ex: Green Algae -> when consumed; loss: GA cell membrane, GA nucleus, GA mito and has 3 membranes
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9
Q

Binary fission

A

-Primary form of cell division and reproduction in “prokaryotes: asexual reproduction, gives rise to clones
- No need a partner
- Rapid can divide every 20-50 minutes
- Produce two identical daughter cells
Strong environmental influence

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10
Q

Central Dogma

A

one-directional flow of genetic information
Transcription: DNA -> RNA: Information in DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA)
Translation: (RNA -> Protein): Ribosomes decode the mRNA sequence to build a specific polypeptide chain

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11
Q

Cellular Slime mold

A

When resources are good they are made up of unicellular ameoboid protist, and when food is scarce aggregate into a multicellular fruiting body

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12
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • Photosynthetic cyanobacteria were engulfed by a eukaryote cell through endosymbiosis,
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13
Q

Cilia

A

A short microscopic hairlike vibrating structure found in large numbers on the surface of certain cells either causing currents in the surrounding fluid, or, in some protozoans

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14
Q

Coenocytic

A

Multinucleate cell which can result from multiple nuclear divisions without their accompanying cytokinesis. In contrast to a syncytium( fusion of multiple individual cells: same thing)

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15
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

One of the first organisms to have oxygenic photosynthesis and increased oxygen of earth’s atmosphere

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16
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

-Allows for eukaryotes to ingest macroparticles using their cytoskeleton

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17
Q

Transcription

A

When DNA is transcribed to mRNA T->U and splicing where introns are removed and exons are left.

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18
Q

Translation

A

When mRNA is converted into chains of amino-acids, which are proteins

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19
Q

Diploid

A

Diplonic lifecycle: have mutliceullar, diploid adult stage
Haploid: Meiosis: produces male and female gametes
Diploid: Fertilization-> zygote -> Mature organism (2n)

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20
Q

Ester-linked membrane

A

Eukaryotes and Bacteria

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21
Q

lipids

A

Bacteria: have hydrophobic lipids form a phospholipid bilayer membrane, which are essential for structural integreity
Eukaryotes: have a phospholipid bilayer containing phospholipids mixed with sterols to regulate membrane fluidy. Lipids are crucial for seperating internal, membrane-bound compartments from the environment

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22
Q

Ether-linked membrane

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A

Belongs to Archaea

23
Q

Eukaryotic membrane

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A

Selective, fluid phospholipid bilayer surrounding eukaryotic cells (plasma membrane) and their internal organelles, essential for compartmentalization, transport, and signaling

24
Q

Eukaryotic Signature

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A

Cell membrane lipids
Histones
Eukaryotic signature proteins
Cytoskeleton (actin)
Nucleus
Mitochondrion

25
Proteins (ESP's)
Homologues of eukaryotic signature proteins occur in Asgard Archaea Function: regulate aspects of the cytoskeleton
26
Exons
The coding regions
27
Flagella
long, hair-like appendage that act as primary organelles of locomotion for many bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic cells
28
Glaucophytes
- one of the three groups of Plantae - Plant species that are sensitive to elevated salt concentration in the soil Only lineage that retains peptidoglycan
29
Green Algae
Rhizaria and Excavates got their plastid from green algae: Secondary endosymbiosis Mostly use chlorophyll b, carotenoids and store energy inside their chloroplasts
30
Haploid
Haplonic life cycles lack a multicellular diploid (2n) stage. Many algae have haplontic life cycle Haploid: Meioisis -> Spores -> mature organism -> Gametes -> Fertilization Diploid -> Fertilization -> Meiosis
31
Heterotrophy
Often use fermentation or anaerobic respiration to break down organic matter while eukaryotic heterotrophs rely on aerobic respiration. Both prokaryotes and eukayrotes
32
Histones
Eukaryote: has linear DNA histones Some Archaea have circular DNA Bacteria have histone-like proteins
33
Introns
non-coding regions, and they are removed and then mRNA leaves the nucleus to get to the ribosome
34
Lokiarcheota
A phylum of deep-sea archaea found near hydrothermal vents that are considered a missing link in the evolution of complex life. Closests known prokaryotes releatives to eukaryotes
35
Universal Homology
Fundamental characteristics, genetic codes, or molecular structures shared by all or nearly all living organisms, suggesting descent from common ancestor. Ex: DNA/RNA, 20 amino acid, and genetic code
36
Meiosis
-Always results in a reduction of ploidy (True) Animals always produce their own gametes by meiosis
37
Microbial Eukaryotes
- Eukaryotic cell is a product of symbiosis. They have evolved from a symbiosis between a close relative of Asgard Archaea and alpha-proteobacterium
38
Mitochondrion
Evolved one time in lineage that led to the MRCA of all eukaryotes
39
Mitosis
Results in no change of ploidy
40
Nucleomorph
highly reduced, vestigial nuclei derived from eukaryotic endosymbionts, found within the chloroplasts-containing cells of cryptophyte and chlorarachiniophyte algae
41
Nucleus
The nucleus is defining feature of eukaryotes, but has uncertain origins
42
Peptidoglycan
Only belongs to Bacteria
43
Phagocytosis
Eukaryotic superpower Bacteria and Archaea are not capable of phagocytosis
44
Plasmodial Slime mold
They are coenocytic, feed by scavanging, and have unusual life cycle
45
Plastid
Arose by primary endosymbiosis in Plantae but has history of several exchange with non-Plantae lineages -Cyanobacteria most closely related to plastids -Plastids evolved one time - Lineages known to have plastids they can do photosynthesis: Excavates, Chrmalveolates, Plantae, Rhizaria, Unikonts
46
Primary Endosymbiosis
-Endosymbiosis occurred because of evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis. - Proto-eukaryotes absorbing mitochondrion Ex: Eukaryote + Cyanobacteria ; ingested -> phagosome lossed and only cyanobacteria membrane and Pt
47
Protist
microbial eukaryotes: Paraphyletic group often called protist
48
Pesudopodia
temporary, gel-like extensions of a cell's cytoplasm and membrane used by microorganisms (like amoebas) and some animal cells for locomotion, feeding and anchoring
49
Red Algae
Diverse, mostly marine, multicellular, and have a variety of industrial uses. Uses phycobilins (phycoerythrin) Under Secondary endosymbiosis: Red algae: loss: reduced nucleus, RA mito lost, Phagosome stays, nucleomorph RA cell membrane Has 4 membranes
50
Secondary Endosymbiosis
Occurs between a heterotrophic eukaryote and a unicellular member of the Plantae lineage either red algae or green algae
51
Tertiary Endosymbiosis
- Occurred in one group Dinoflagellates A heterotrophic eukaryote gains a plastid by engulfing, but not digesting, a eukaryote that got it's plastid from secondary endosymbiosis
52
Amoebozoans
includes most but not all amoebae. They feed by phagocytosis and may be predators, scavengers, or parasites
53
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