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Question 1

What 2 domains can algae be found in?

Answer 1

Eukaryota and Eubacteria

Question 2

What supergroups can algae be found in?

Answer 2

SAR, Archaeoplastida and Excavata

Question 3

Generally, what defines an algae?

Answer 3

A (mostly) aquatic, oxygen producing, photosynthetic autotroph

Question 4

What taxa are found in the Archaeoplastida supergroup?

Answer 4

green, red and glaucophyte algae as well as all land plants (embryophytes)

Question 5

What separates an algae from an embryophyte?

Answer 5

lacks a complex body form (many tissues missing), no land based adaptations and lacks some reproductive adaptations (multicellular embryo)

Question 6

What are the reproductive structures in charophytes (green algae)?

Answer 6

oocytes and antheridia produce gametes on the same individual

Question 7

What are the dominant life stages in charophytes (green algae)?

Answer 7

haploid

Question 8

How do brown algae like kelp reproduce?

Answer 8

haploid spores are produced in sori found on fronds

Question 9

Define autospore

Answer 9

spores produced by species that are incapable of producing flagella

Question 10

Define aplanospore

Answer 10

spores produced by species that can opt out of producing flagella

Question 11

How can algae reproduce asexually?

Answer 11

• cell division/autocolony
• fragmentation (filaments)
• spores
• akinetes

Question 12

Define zoospore

Answer 12

a flagellated spore, which are motile

Question 13

Define syngamy

Answer 13

fusion of gametes that results in a zygote

Question 14

What are the three types of life cycles in algae?

Answer 14

• haplontic
• diplontic
• diplohaplontic

Question 15

Define isogamy

Answer 15

identically shaped gametes with no male or female parts, often categorized as +/-

Question 16

Define anisogamy

Answer 16

gametes are different in size and motility, and usually the larger gamete is the female

Question 17

Define oogamy

Answer 17

female gamete is immobile and fuses with a motile male gamete

Question 18

Describe a haplontic life cycle

Answer 18

• majority of life cycle is haploid
• fertilization of +/- gametes produces a diploid zygote
• zygote immediately undergoes meiosis (no chance for mitosis/multicellular diploid organism)

Question 19

What is an example of a model haplontic organism?

Answer 19

chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Question 20

What is the life cycle for chlamydomonas reinhardtii?

Answer 20

• isogamous (+/-)
• gametes fuse to form 2n zygote
• zygote loses flagella, thickens its cell wall and enters a resting zygospore stage
• zygospore undergoes meiosis to form 4 haploid cells once conditions improve
• vegetative cells can undergo mitosis to reproduce asexually or meiosis to reproduce sexually to produce gametes
• gametes clump together before pairing off to undergo syngamy

Question 21

Describe the life cycle of charophytes (green algae)

Answer 21

• haplontic and oogamous
• sperm from antheridia fertilizes the oogonia to produce a 2n zygote
• zygote undergoes meiosis to produce a haploid protonema
• protonema undergoes mitosis to produce the main haploid body (thallus)

Question 22

Describe a diplontic life cycle

Answer 22

• majority of life cycle is diploid
• diploid stage undergoes meiosis to produce haploid sperm or eggs depending on sex
• syngamy produces a diploid zygote that undergoes mitosis to form main body

Question 23

What is the life cycle for fucoid algae?

Answer 23

• oogamous
• main diploid sporophyte body produces gametes in conceptacles at the swollen tips of fronds (receptacles)
• oogonia and antheridia located within conceptacles
• syngamy produces a diploid zygote that undergoes mitosis to form a new sporophyte

Question 24

Describe a dipolohaplontic life cycle

Answer 24

• diploid sporophyte undergoes meiosis to produce spores
• spores develop into a haploid gametophyte body
• gametophytes produce gametes that undergo syngamy to produce a diploid zygote
• zygote undergoes mitosis to produce 2n sporophyte

Question 25

What is the life cycle for bull kelp?

Answer 25

- diplohaplontic, oogamous and heteromorphic - main sporophyte body produces haploid spores on sori via meiosis - spores undergo mitosis and develop into small gametophytes - syngamy produces a diploid zygote that undergoes mitosis to produce sporophyte

Question 26

What is the life cycle for ulva?

Answer 26

- diplohaplontic and isomorphic - sporophyte undergo meiosis to produce haploid zoospores from sporangia - zoospores undergo mitosis to become male and female haploid gametophytes - gametophytes produce haploid gametes from gametangia - syngamy of gametes results in a diploid zygote that becomes the sporophyte through mitosis

Question 27

Describe the life cycle for biphasic red algae

Answer 27

- sporophyte undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores - spores become the haploid gametophyte through mitosis - within the same gametophyte, gametes are produced within the spermatium and carpogonium - syngamy results in a diploid zygote that later becomes the sporophyte

Question 28

Describe the life cycle for triphasic red algae

Answer 28

- diploid tetrasporophyte produces haploid tetraspores via meiosis in the tetrasporangium - tetraspores develop into male and female gametophytes via mitosis - haploid gametes are produced in the spermatium and carpogonium of the gametophytes - syngamy results in a diploid carposporophyte which produces diploid carpospores - carpospores develop into diploid tetrasporophytes