Plato
Foundation for Nativist and core knowledge theories
Aristotle
Foundation for both Constructivist and Empiricist theories
Locke
Like Aristotle, saw child as a tabula rasa
Rousseau
Argued that parents and society should provide maximum freedom for child
- Foundation for constructivist
Three Stages of Prenatal Development
Germinal period, Embryonic period, Fetal period
Fetal learning: Habituation
Simple form of learning that involves a decrease in response to repeated or continued stimulation; seen at 30 weeks gestation in visual and auditory stimuli
Teratogen
a substance that interferes with normal fetal development and causes congenital disabilities
Sleeper effect
Effects from teratogens are not immediately apparent
Fetal programming
Exposure to something in the environment in the prenatal period has effect on traits into adulthood
Dose-response relation
describes how the magnitude of a biological, toxic, or therapeutic effect changes as the dosage of a substance (drug, pollutant, nutrient) increases
4 maternal factors
Age, nutrition, disease, maternal emotional state
3 stages of childbirth
Effacement and dilation, emergence of baby, expelling placenta
Childbirth triggers
Hormones sent from fetus coordinates labour
Final weeks of pregnancy
Lightening, Braxton hicks contractions, decreased movement of fetus
Effects of childbirth on the fetus
Stressful, pressure on the head sets up more optimal stress response system
Benefits of vaginal birth
Important for infant immune and microbiome development, expulsion of fluid in infants lungs, and providing early skin-to-skin contact with mother
5 skills for preparation after birth
Hypersensitive to stimuli, reflexes, perceptual and sensory capabilities, social perception, learning capabilities
Sleep
Newborns sleep twice as much, and not as deeply as adults
Sleep strategies
Slowly increasing delays in responding to crying infant
Back to sleep campaign
SIDS deaths decreased sharply after recommendation to sleep on back
Crying timeline
Peaks around 6-8 weeks, decreases around 3-4 months
Response to distress
Conflicting studies on the “when” of the response reducing crying
Colic
Excessive, inconsolable crying for no apparent reason
Apgar score
Cumulative score from skin tone, pulse rate, facial responses, arm and leg activity, and breathing strength
