What are the connective tissue layers surrounding muscle cells?
Endomysium, perimysium, epimysium
Endomysium wraps individual myocytes, perimysium wraps fascicles, and epimysium surrounds the entire muscle.
What are the attachment points of muscles to bones?
Origin, insertion
The origin is the fixed end, while the insertion is the moveable end.
What is the basic functional unit of the muscular system?
Sarcomere
What are the two types of filaments in the Sliding Filament Theory?
Thick filaments: myosin, thin filaments: actin
What is the cell membrane of muscle cells called?
Sarcolemma
What is the cytoplasm of muscle cells called?
Sarcoplasm
What is the endoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells referred to as?
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
What triggers the release of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Action potentials (AP)
What do T-tubules surround in muscle cells?
Terminal cisternae
What is the term for the portion of T-tubule and terminal cisternae that surrounds a sarcomere?
Triad
Where is cardiac muscle found?
Exclusively in the heart
What is a key feature of cardiac myocytes?
Shorter and branched; intercalated discs
What type of muscle contraction occurs in smooth muscle?
Autonomic contraction
What type of muscle is skeletal muscle characterized as?
Voluntary, somatic
What does the name ‘flexor digitorum superficialis’ indicate?
Action of the muscle
What does the name ‘deltoid’ describe?
Shape of the muscle
What does the name ‘gluteus maximus’ indicate?
Size of the muscle
What does the name ‘biceps brachii’ refer to?
Number of origins
What is the term for the direction of muscle fascicles in ‘rectus abdominis’?
Straight
Name a facial muscle.
Occipitofrontalis, orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, zygomaticus, masseter, buccinator, temporalis, platysma
What is the role of the diaphragm in abdominal muscles?
It assists in respiration.
List the muscles found in the neck/chest area.
Sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, coracobrachialis, intercostals
What are the upper limb muscles located posteriorly?
Brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis, extensor digitorum, extensor carpi ulnaris
What muscle is known for being the primary flexor of the forearm?
Biceps brachii
