Mutations

Question 1

Mutations

Answer 1

• body may make mistakes/ mutations or the environment may cause errors to happen during division
• These errors in the code may have a positive, negative or no effect on the individual
• caused by chemicals, environmental factors, radiation

Question 2

Spontaneous mutations

Answer 2

• happen in nature by accident
• ## result of incorrect copying of DNA during the replication of chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis

Question 3

Induced mutations

Answer 3

• result of exposure to a physical or chemical agent
• mutations that are a result of exposure to UV radiation, cigarette smoke, chemicals in processed foods, etc.

Question 4

Types of Mutations: Point Mutations

Answer 4

• A point mutation occurs when the cell, during replication, does not accurately duplicate the genetic information.
• C and G arent paired, but C and A do
• This may be the result of a:
  Base-pair substitution
  Base-pair insertion
  Base-pair deletion

Question 5

Base-pair substitution

Answer 5

• The toy ate the hot dog
  substitutes 1 letter into the code
  how ever it can have a lrage impact
• the boy aqu the hot dog

Question 6

Base-pair insertion

Answer 6

• the boy hate the hot dog
• has a four letter word (extra letter added)
• message gets shifted to make 3 letter
• the boy hat eth eho tdo g

Question 7

Base-pair deletion

Answer 7

• Tbh oya tet heh otd og
• deletion and insertion both have same impact
• caused by carcinogens, changing chemicals

Question 8

Types of Mutations: Chromosome Mutations

Answer 8

• a mutation involving an entire chromosome or large part of it
• Non-disjunction would be an example of a chromosome mutation that can happen in meiosis
• This can result in genetic disorders if it happens in gametogenesis or early in development during mitosis

Question 9

When do mutations occur

Answer 9

• can occur as the DNA in an organism’s cell is copied
• most mutations occur in the parts of DNA that do not code for genes
• many more that do occur in coding regions are immediately corrected during the replication process
• as organism ages= more likelyhood of mutations

Question 10

Inheriting Mutations

Answer 10

• Mutations that occur in somatic (hair , skin) cells are not passed onto offspring so therefore do not effect future generations
• mutations that occur in the formation of gametes become part of the DNA of the zygote
• offspring will get mutation sin sex cel as pass to future generations

Question 11

Inherited Mutations: Lactose Intolerance

Answer 11

• very common trait in which an individual is not able to digest lactose, the common sugar in milk
• caused by a deficiency of the enzyme lactase

Question 12

Inherited Mutations: Sickle-Cell Anemia (SCA)

Answer 12

• example of a mutation which can be seen as both helpful and harmful
• caused by a single amino acid substitution
• c-shaped and less effective at moving oxygen around the body via the blood (less surfance area)
• increased risk of infection

Question 13

adaptability of sickle cell

Answer 13

• parasite malaria,
• When the parasite enters a SCA red blood cell it causes the oxygen level in to drop in the cell
• cell dies form not doing job, causing parasite to die

Question 14

Types of Chromosome Mutations

Answer 14

• deletion of code
• insertion of code
• duplication of gene (snakes)
• inversion (sentence gets flipped)
• translation (1 chromsome will trades parts with anther)