1
Q
The two parts of the central nervous system
A
brain and spinal cord
2
Q
The purpose of the Central Nervous System
A
Processing and thinking
3
Q
The two types of nerves in the Peripheral Nervous System
A
Spinal and Cranial
4
Q
The two things that effectors can be
A
Muscles or Glands
5
Q
The purpose of a cell body in a neuron
A
To process information
6
Q
The other name for a cell body in a neuron
A
Soma
7
Q
Neurons have a notably _____ Lifespan
A
Long
8
Q
Neurons use up _____ energy
A
A lot of
9
Q
Neurons are grouped by
A
of proccesses
10
Q
The meaning of Anterograde
A
away from cell body
11
Q
The meaning of Retrograde
A
Towards cell body
12
Q
The three neuron types
A
multipolar, bipolar, unipolar
13
Q
Multipolar Neurons have how many Axons
A
one
14
Q
Unipolar neurons are generally used for
A
Sensory Input
15
Q
The part of the nervous system that communicates with the CNS and the rest of the body
A
PNS
16
Q
The word to describe the sensory division
A
Afferent
17
Q
The word used to describe sensory info from the skin
A
Somatic
18
Q
The word used to describe sensory info from the Organs
A
Visceral
19
Q
The word used to describe the motor division of the nervous system
A
Efferent
20
Q
The word used to describe voluntary motor movement
A
Somatic
21
Q
The word used to describe involuntary motor movement
A
Visceral
22
Q
The name for the Involuntary motor division of the nervous system
A
Autonomic
23
Q
The part of the Autonomic motor nervous system that conserves energy
A
Parasympathetic
24
Q
The part of the Autonomic motor nervous system that uses a lot of energy
A
Sympathetic
25
The phrase used to describe the parasympathetic motor system
Rest and Digest
26
The phrase used to describe the sympathetic motor system
Fight or Flight
27
Neurons send ______ Signals
Electrochemical
28
The electric signals in neurons happen where
axon
29
The chemical signals in neurons happen where
Synapses
30
The main part of the nernst equation focuses on the ratio between
ions on the outside and inside of cell
31
The four elements often used in electrical signals in the human body
Na, Cl, Ca, K
32
Active transport
Pumping molecules and ions where they dont want to go
33
Sodium flows in what direction
High to low
34
Chloride flows in what direction
High to low
35
Potassium flows in what direction
Low to high
36
Membrane potential
Potential energy caused by difference in charge on both sides of cell
37
Purpose of Active transport
Build up an uneven charge
38
Membrane potential is what type of signal
Electric
39
Action potential is what type of signal
Chemical
40
What Epsp stands for
Exitatory post-synaptic potential
41
What Ipsp stands for
Inhibitory post-synaptic potential
42
The term for the amount needed to cause action potential
Threshold
43
Thing that measures the amount of current
Electrode
44
Beginning of an axon
Axon Hillock
45
End of an Axon
Axon Terminal
46
Active transport pump for Sodium and Potassium
Na/K Atpase
47
Two ions causing neuron to be Exitatory
Na & Ca
48
Two ions causing neruon to be inhibitory
K & Cl
49
When membrane potential is increasing
Depolarization
50
When membrane potential is decreasing
Repolarization
51
When membrane potential is below resting
Hyperpolarization
52
Channel allowing 1 type of ion to pass through
Ligans-Gated ion channel
53
Other name for Ligans Gated ion channel
Inotropic
54
What causes a Ligans Gated Ion channel to open
A neurotransmitter binding to it
55
The extra step in Metabotropic Receptors
Sending protein to open a seperate ion channel
56
Voltage gated ion channels need a certain amount of ___ to open
Voltage
57
The amount needed for a voltage gated ion channel to open
Threshold
58
Where Voltage Gated ion channels are found
Axon Hillock
59
Voltage gated ion channels cause what type of feedback
Positive
60
Voltage gated ion channels stop what from flowing quickly to stop positive feedback
Sodium
61
Voltage gated ion channels open what channels to stop positive feedback
Potassium
62
Action potential is similar to what electrical thing
Light switch
63
Action potential always has the same
Strength
64
How is Action potential measured
Action potential per second
65
When action potential is decreasing from its "peak" it is known as the
Absolute refractory period
66
When action potential is in hyperpolarization it is known as what period
Relative refractory period
67
EPSP and IPSP both have neuro transmitters released at the
Synapse
68
The 2 factors that cause how fast info travels down axon
Thickness and length
69
Tissue that effectively makes the axon shorter
Myelin
70
Disease that reduces Myelin
Multple Scleorsis
71
Where mylelin is made in the PNS
Schwaan Cells
72
Where myelin is made in the CNS
Oliodendrocytes
73
Mylein layers are formed by cells ____ around the axon
Wrapping
74
White matter in the brain is made of
Axon covered myelin
75
The process nodes of myelin creates
Saltatory Conduction
76
Term meaning jump in latin
Saltatory
77
Myelinated axons are mainly found in the _____ motor system
Somatic
78
Reaction time needs to be fast in the _____ motor system
Somatic
79
Reaction time does not need to be fast in the _____ motor system
Visceral
80
Area between presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron
Synaptic cleft
81
Areas that hold NT in presynaptic neuron
Synaptic vesicles
82
Three possible "fates" for NT after they are released
Diffusing away from cleft, Recycled into axon, Using enzyme
83
Fastest way to remove a NT
Enzyme
84
Adding up signals from multiple neurons at the same time
Spacial Summation
85
Adding up signals from the same neuron over time
Temporal Summation
86
3 factors controlling the effect of NT
IOn being manipulated, How much NT, and how long Nt stays in cleft
87
There are more _____ Cells than neurons in the brain
Glial
88
Supporting Cells in the brain
Glial Cells
89
The Macrophages of the Brain
Microglial Cells
90
Glial cells that support the brain metabolically and form the blood brain barrier
Astrocyte
91
Glial cells that line ventricles and produce CSF
Ependymal
92
Cells that produce Myelin in brain
Oligodendrocytes
93
4 major glial cells
Microglial, Astrocyte, Oligodendrocyte, Ependymal
94
Connective tissue on outside of the brain
Meninges
95
Upper layer of meninges
Dura Mater
96
Thickes Meninges layer
Dura Mater
97
Meninges layer that translates to tough mother
Dura Mater
98
Middle Meninges layer
Arachnoid Mater
99
Space in meninges that carries CSF
Arachnoid Space
100
Layer in meninges that translates to Spider Mother
Arachnoid Mater
101
Thinnest layer of meninges
Pia Mater
102
Deepest meninges layer
Pia Mater
103
How much CSF is in a body
~140 ML
104
How much CSF is "Produced" in a day
500 ML
105
How long does Csf roughly last
6-7 hours
106
3 functions of CSF
Provides buyouncy, reduces impact damage, Cleans out waste
107
Three main sinuses in brain
Superior Sagital, Inferior Sagital, Transverse
108
Where the sinuses in the brain meet
Confluence of Sinuses
109
The Ventricles 1 and 2 are the "____" ventricles
Lateral
110
Most CSF is made in
The Laterla Ventricles
111
CSF moves from Ventricle 1 and 2 to 3 in the
Interventicular Foramen
112
CSF moves from Ventricle 3 to 4 in the
Cerebral Aqueduct
113
CSF moves from Ventricle 4 to the
Spinal Cord
114
Why is the blood brain barrier nesscesary
Brain is sensitive to infections
115
The Brain is about _% of someones body weight
2
116
The brain needs _% of someones blood
15
117
The brain needs rougly 20% of the bodies
Oxygen and Glucose
118
The brain arteries notably make what shape
Circle
119
Why do the brain arteries need a circle
To redirect blood to different parts of the brain
120
Type of drug that mimics an NT
Agonist
121
Type of drug that blocks an NT
Antagonist
122
The binding strength of an NT
Affinity
123
High affinity means an NT will have a greater
Strength/Effect
124
Fentanyl has a ____ Affinity
High
125
An Agonist for an Excitatory NT would have the effect of it being
Exitatory
126
An Agonist for an Inhibitory NT would have the effect of it being
Inhibitory
127
An Antagonist for an Excitatory NT would have the effect of it being
Inhibitory
128
An Antagonist for an Inhibitory NT would have the effect of it being
Excitatory
129
An example of a drug that is an Antagonist to Excitatory NT is
Narcan
130
An example of a drug that is an Agonist to Excitatory NT is
Opioid
131
Taking a drug effecting Nt will eventually _____ normal systems
weaken
132
4 Monoamines
dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin
133
Type of NT with one amino acid
Monoamine
134
Monoamines are mainly regulated by
Enzymes
135
2 Enzymes that regulated monoamines
Monoamine Oxidasses (MAO) and Catechol-Methyle Transferase (COMT)
136
Seratonin is regulated by
SSRIs
137
Seratonin regulates what three things
Sleep, Mood, Pain
138
Nt that inhibits pain
Endorphins
139
Type of drug that acts as an agonist to Endorphins
Opiods
140
Dopamine has _ different receptors
5
141
Dopamine has both ___ and ___ receptors
Inhibitory and Excitatory
142
Four Fs that dopamine rewards
Fornicating, Fleeing, Fighting, Feeding
143
2 ways to figure out what brain area does what
Fmri scan and loss of function
144
Why is redirecting blood to different areas of the brain important?
Different areas have different functions
145
Groove in brain matter
Sulcus
146
Very deep groove in brain matter
Fissure
147
Bump in tissue in brain matter
Gyrus
148
Term for circle of arteries on bottom of brain
Circle of Willis
149
Meaning something on opposite side of the body
Contralateral
150
Ring of grey matter around cerebrum
Cerebral Cortex
151
The Largest Brain Reigion
Cerebrum
152
Area of brain allowing things to cross over hemispheres
Corpus Collosum
153
White matter is made of
Axon
154
Tracts of axon within hemispheres
Association tracts
155
Tracts of axon that travel between hemispheres
Comissural tracts
156
Tracts of axon that travel between reigions of the brain
Projection
157
Part of brain that controls subconcious skeletal muslce like posture and walking
Basal Nuclei
158
Parkinsons disease effects what part of the brain
Basal Nuclei
159
The hemisphere controlls the _______ side of the body
Opposite/Contralateral
160
Which side of the brain deals with categories, memory, and identification
Left
161
What side of the brian deals with art and music
Right
162
2 cortexes in fontal lobe
Primary, Premotor
163
Brain lobe dealing with behavior, intellegence, mood, and personality
Fontal
164
Lobe dealing with touch, taste, temperature, and pain
Pareital
165
Lobe dealing with visual info
Occipital
166
Lobe dealing with hearing, smell, language and memory
Temporal
167
Lobe that integrates sensory info
Insula
168
Lobe that decides what sensory info is councious
Thalamus
169
What controls the horemones and endocrine system
Hypothalamus
170
Area that links cerebellum to rest of the brain
Pons
171
Area that controls cardiac, blood vessels, and breathing
Medulla
172
What the pitutary controls
Food, water, circadian rythm
173
Gland controlling melatonin
Epithalamus
AP 1
flashcards
Decks in class (16)
# Cards
-
a and p exam 1130
-
AP Exam 2173
-
AP 3188
-
Bone Physiology88
-
Joints62
-
Exam 578
-
Intagumetary review130
-
Nerve173
-
nervous again187
-
unit 4 phys89
-
Joints but its the same but there's 3 more joints so its not62
-
Muscle but awesomer78
-
Music names116
-
Music names the squeakwel116
-
SS 1 names51
-
social science the threquel51
