Nerves Flashcards by Sam A

First Cranial nerve

-Olfactory nerve(smell)

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Second Cranial nerve

Optic nerve (sight)

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Third Cranial nerve

Oculomotor nerve (Orbital muscles for eye movement)

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Fourth Cranial nerve

Trochlear nerve (Orbital muscles for eye movement)

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Fifth cranial nerve

Trigeminal nerve( Motor: movement of the **jaws** and **muscles of mastication**
Sensory: sensation of feeling for the **face, teeth, and periodontal ligaments**, and anterior two thirds of the **tongue**)

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Sixth Cranial nerve

Abducens nerve (Orbital muscles for eye movement)

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Seventh Cranial nerve

Facial Nerve ( Motor: to the muscles of facial expression
Sensory: taste to anterior two-thirds of tongue
Secretory: to submandibular and sublingual glands)

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Eighth Cranial nerve

Auditory Nerve(Sense of hearing, position, and balance)

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Nineth Cranial Nerve

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) ( mixed cranial nerve-motor, sensory, and parasympathetic to throat and tongue)

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Tenth Cranial nerve

Vagus nerve( Pharyngeal and laryngeal movements: digestive tract)

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Eleventh Cranial Nerve

Accessory nerve(Neck movements: sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles)

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Twelfth Cranial nerve

Hypoglossal nerve ( Motor: tongue movement (muscles)

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Largest cranial nerve

Trigeminal nerve

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Trigeminal Nerve origin

Large seminlunar or trigeminal ganglion on the superior surface of the petrosal portion of the temporal bone
Located in semilunar fossa medial to foramen ovale

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Trigeminal nerve divisions

Division I- Ophthalmic
Division II- Maxillary nerve
Division III- Mandibular nerve

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Ophthalmic and maxillary nerve are

Afferent only(sensory)

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Mandibular nerve is

Efferent (motor) and afferent (sensory)

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Supply afferent/sensory neurons that provide the brain with information about the position of the teeth and jaws at all times

Maxillary and mandibular divisions

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Proprioceptive neurons supply

Periodontal ligament around
each tooth from maxillary and mandibular divisions of trigeminal nerve

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Have richest supply of proprioceptive endings

Canines

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TMJ proprioceptive neurons

In the capsule and disc and innervated by the auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

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Ophthalmic Nerve origin

exits skull through superior orbital fissure on the superior surface of the orbit

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Ophthalmic Nerve branches

*-Lacrimal nerve** (smallest),
*-Frontal nerve**(largest )
Nasociliary nerve

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Ophthalmic Nerve sensations

-Touch, pain, pressure
-Skin of upper third of face (forehead and anterior scalp, and the skin around the eyeball, eyelid and nose,
and part of the nasal mucosa)
-Maxillary sinus

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Maxillary nerve sensations

touch, pain, pressure, and temperature

The maxillary nerve innervates

- Middle third of **face** and the **palate** - **Pulp** of all maxillary teeth

The maxillary nerve exists the brain through

**Foramen rotundum**

After passing through foramen rotundum, the maxillary nerve passes into

The **pterygopalatine space** and splits into four branches

Four important branches of the Maxillary nerve

* -Pterygopalatine* * -Posterior superior alveolar (PSA)* * -Infraorbital* * -Zygomatic nerve*

First branch of the maxillary nerve

Pterygopalatine nerve

Where does the pterygopalatine nerve split off from

-Close to **foramen rotundum**

Which branch of the Pterygopalatine Nerve passes through the greater palatine foramen and what does it become?

**Descending palatine nerve** becomes **Greater palatine nerve**

Greater palatine nerve innervation

- Mucosa of posterior part of **hard palate** - Palatal gingiva of **posterior teeth**

Nerves that arise posterior to the Greater palatine foramen

**Middle** and **Posterior** (lesser) **palatine nerves** enter the palate through the **lesser palatine foramen** to spread posteriorly to supply the ***tonsils*** and *mucosa* of the **soft palate**

Long branch of Pterygopalatine nerve that runs along roof of nasal cavity

- **Nasopalatine nerve** - Runs along **nasal septum**-\>enters bone of palate-\>arises in anterior palate through **incisive foramen**

Nasopalatine nerve Innervates

-Soft tissue of the **nasal septum** and **gingiva** **-Palatal soft tissue** lingual to the anterior teeth

The right and left nasopalatine nerves combined with the greater palatine nerves innervate

Soft tissues of entire **hard palate**

Second branch of Maxillary nerve

Posterior Superior Alveolar nerve (PSA) nerve

Before the maxillary nerve enters the infraorbital fissure and canal on the floor of the orbit it gives off

Posterior Superior Alveolar nerve

The Posterior superior alveolar nerve enters

-**Alveolar canals** on infratemporal portion of **maxilla**

-Once in maxillary bone the posterior superior alveolar nerve supplies

**-Maxillary molars**(except mesiobuccal root of maxillary first molars) - Alveolar bone - PDL - **Facial gingiva** of maxillary molars - **Mucosa** of part of **maxillary sinus** - **Cheek mucosa** next to maxillary molars

Third Branch of the maxillary nerve

Infraorbital nerve

In the pterygopalatine space, a third branch of the maxillary nerve splits off and passes through

- **Inferior orbital fissure** on floor of orbit and enters **infraorbital canal** - Becomes **infraorbital nerve**

Within the infraorbital canal the infraorbital nerve gives off two branches

**Middle superior alveolar** nerve(MSA) and **Anterior superior alveolar** nerve (ASA)

The middle superior alveolar nerve passes

Forward through lining of **maxillary sinus**

Branches of middle superior alveolar nerve supply

- **Maxillary premolars** and **mesiobuccal root** of maxillary first molar - Alveolar bone - Periodontal ligaments - Facial gingiva - In maxillary premolar region and part of maxillary sinus

Second branch given off by the infraorbital nerve while in the infraorbital canal

Anterior superior alveolar nerve

Anterior superior alveolar nerve supplies

- Pulp - Supporting alveolar bone - Periodontal ligaments - Facial gingiva - Of **maxillary anterior teeth** and part of **maxillary sinus**

Infraorbital nerve exits from

Infraorbital foramen

After exiting from the infraorbital foramen, the infraorbital nerve splits into terminal branches that innervate

- Skin and mucosa of side of nose**(nasal nerve)** - Skin and mucosa of lower eyelid**(palpebral nerve)** - Skin and mucosa of upper lip, facial gingiva of maxillary premolars and facial gingiva of anterior teeth**(labial nerve)**

Fourth branch of maxillary nerve

Zygomatic nerve

The zygomatic nerve arises in

**-Pterygopalatine fossa** -Enters orbit via **infraorbital fissure** and then divides into **zygomaticotemporal** and **zygomaticofacial nerves**(upper and lower branches)

The zygomatic nerve supplies

-Skin of **temporal region** and lower part of **orbit**

Division III of trigeminal nerve

Mandibular nerve

Mixed nerve (sensory and motor) and only motor portion of trigeminal nerve

Mandibular nerve

Motor fibres of mandibular nerve supply

-8 **muscles of mastication** **-Mylohyoid muscle** -Anterior belly of the **digastric muscle**

Sensory fibres of mandibular nerve supply

- Touch, pain, pressure and temperature - Lower third of **face** - Floor of **mouth** - Anterior two thirds of **tongue**(not taste) - **Mandibular teeth**

The mandibular nerve exits the neurocranium through

Foramen ovale

As mandibular nerve exists foramen ovale

-Passes into **infratemporal space**(Space medial to **mandibular ramus** and **zygomatic arch** and inferior to **temporal bone** **-**Divides into **four** branches as it passes inferiorly to **mandibular foramen**

Four main branches of mandibular nerve

- **Auriculotemporal nerve** - **Buccal nerve** - **Lingual nerve** **- Inferior alveolar nerve**

First branch of the mandibular division

Auricular temporal nerve

Auriculotemporal nerve origin

-Comes off main trunk immediately below **base of skull and** turns backwards to provide sensation

Auriculotemporal nerve supplies

- Pain and proprioception fibres to the **TMJ** - Skin of **outer ear** - Lateral aspect of **skull** and **cheek**

Buccal nerve origin

-Comes off just below **foramen ovale** **-**Passes through **infratemporal space** between the two heads of **lateral pterygoid muscle** and then down and forward toward to the **buccinator muscle**

Buccal nerve innervates

-Mucosa and skin of **cheek** in area of **mandibular molars** up to corner of mouth **-**Sometimes **second premolars**

Lingual nerve origin

Inferior to **foramen ovale** -Passes downward and medial to **ramus** but lateral to **medial pterygoid muscle** to mucous membrane just lingual to last molar

Lingual nerve innervation

- Touch, pain, pressure, temperature(not taste) - **Dorsal**(top) and **ventral**(bottom) surface of **anterior two thirds of the tongue** and adjacent tissues(floor of mouth, inner surface of mandible and lingual gingiva of entire mandible)

Inferior alveolar nerve origin

-Diverts from mandibular nerve on medial side of **lateral pterygoid muscle**

The inferior alveolar nerve parallels the direction of the

- **Lingual nerve** - Descends between **sphenomandibular ligament** and **ramus** to **mandibular foramen**

At the mandibular foramen the Inferior alveolar nerve

Gives off **mylohyoid nerve** and enters **mandibular foramen**

The mylohyoid nerve pierces the

**Sphenomandibular ligament** and travels forward in the **mylohyoid groove** to supply mylohyoid muscle

Once the Inferior alveolar nerve enters the mandible through the mandibular foramen it is in the

- **Mandibular canal** - Gives off **dental branches** that spread through trabecular bone of mandible - Enter **apical foramen** of all **mandibular molars** and **premolars** - Innervates **PDL** and **alveolar processes** of those teeth

Within the mandibular canal, the Inferior alveolar nerve splits near the roots of the premolars to become

-**Mental** and **incisive nerves**

Incisive nerve supplies

- Mandibular **incisor** and **canine** teeth - Their **PDLs** and **alveolar processes**

The mental nerve branch of the Inferior alveolar nerve exits from the body of the mandible through

-Mental foramen

Mental nerve supplies

- Facial gingiva of the **mandibular incisors, canines,** and **premolars** - Mucosa and skin of the **lower lip** and **chin** on that side up to the midline

Motor(efferent) branches of mandibular nerve supply to muscles of mastication

- **Masseteric nerve**-(Masseter muscle and TMJ) - **Posterior and anterior temporal nerves**(Temporalis muscle) - **Medial pterygoid nerve**(medial pterygoid muscle) **-Lateral pterygoid nerve**(lateral pterygoid muscle)

Facial nerve fibres are

Mixed(sensory and motor)

Facial nerve route of travel from brain

-Penetrates petrous portion of **temporal bone** through **external acoustic meatus** **-**Exits skull between **styloid and mastoid process** through **stylomastoid foramen** **-**Passes through **parotid gland**

Efferent fibres of facial nerve innervate

- **Muscles of facial expression** - **Posterior belly of digastric muscle** - **Stylohyoid muscle** - **Stapedius muscle**

Secretory fibres of Facial nerve innervate

-Secretions from **Sublingual**(Under mucosa in floor of mouth superior to mylohyoid muscle) and **Submandibular glands(**Located in submandibular fossae on medial surface of mandible inferior to mylohyoid muscle)

Afferent(sensory) fibres of Facial nerve origin

-**Chorda tympani branch**- branch off within petrous portion of **temporal bone** **-**Course through **tympanic cavity** and exit skull through **petrotympanic fissure**

The Chorda tympanic fibres of the facial nerve join with

-**Lingual nerve** and supply sense of taste to anterior two thirds of **tongue**

The glossopharyngeal nerve type

- Mixed nerve(**sensory** and **motor**) - Supplies parts of **tongue** and **pharynx**

The glossopharyngeal nerve exits the skull via

**-Jugular foramen** -Passes down and forward to enter **tongue**

Afferent fibres of Glossopharyngeal nerve supply

-Taste and sensation to **posterior one third of tongue** **-**Sensation to **mucosa of pharynx and tonsils**

Motor nerves of the Glossopharyngeal innervate

**Stylopharyngeus muscle** of the pharnyx

Secretory fibres of the Glossopharyngeal nerve innervate

Parotid gland

The hypoglossal nerve exits the skull through

-**Hypoglossal canals** above occipital condyles(near anterior border of **foramen mangnum**)

Hypoglossal nerve innervation

- Descends steeply to muscles that move **tongue** - **Genioglossus, styloglossus, hyoglossus**

Nerves Flashcards

(90 cards)