Patho > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

___ is a an extremely large memory storehouse, and always functions in association with the ___ centers of the nervous system

A

cerebral cortex
lower

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2
Q

synaptic functions of neurons in regards to nerve impulses

A

may block nerve impulse transmission, may change one impulse into repetitive impulses, or may be integrated with pmpulses from other neurons to cause highly intricate patterns of impulses

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3
Q

most synapses in the brain are ___

A

chemical

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4
Q

the anterior motor neuron is composed of 3 parts

A

soma, axon, dendrite

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5
Q

what is the soma

A

the main body of the neuron

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6
Q

what is the axon

A

the extension of the motor neuron that leaves the spinal cord

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7
Q

what is a dendrite

A

branching projections of the soma that extend into the cord

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8
Q

bouton

A

presynaptic terminals, end feet

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9
Q

pressure sensing region of skin

A

pacinian corpuscle

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10
Q

touch sensing region of skin

A

meissners corpuscle

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11
Q

pain, cold, warmth sensation in skin is felt by

A

free nerve endings

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12
Q

what two structures are in the presynaptic nerve terminal that are important for signaling

A

mitochondria and transmitter vesicles

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13
Q

the quantity of the neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic cleft is directly related to ____

A

the number of calcium ions that enter the the membrane

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14
Q

an action potential depolarizes the presynaptic membrane what happens next

A

VG calcium channels open, allowing Ca ions into the presynaptic terminal. The calcium triggers the release of the NT containing vesicles.

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15
Q

a neurotransmitter that opens cation channels is called an _____

A

excitatory transmitter (allows positive ions in)

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16
Q

a NT that opens anion channels are called ____

A

inhibitory transmitters (allow negative ions in)

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17
Q

prolonged postsynaptic neuronal excitation or inhibition is achieved by activating a _____

A

second messenger because this allows for downstream effects to persist longer than the time that the NT is bound to the receptor

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18
Q

What are the 4 changes that can occur when the alpha subunit of G protein is activated and bound by GTP?

A
  1. opening of specific ion channels
  2. activation of cGMP or cAMP
  3. activate one or more intracellular enzymes
  4. activate gene transcription
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19
Q

inactivation of the G protein occurs when

A

GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP , causing alpha subunit to release from its target protein

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20
Q

opening of na channels would ___the membrane potential

A

raise

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21
Q

increased permeability to potassium would cause the membrane potential to ____

A

decrease

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22
Q

decreasing potassium permeability would cause the membrane potential to ___

A

increase

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23
Q

opening chloride channels through tht epost-synaptic membrane would ____

A

inhibit the cell

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24
Q

resting membrane potential for neuronal soma

A

-65, allows for both inhibtory and excitatory

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25
neuron has a EPSP of ___mv
+20mv
26
threshold of the a neuron
-45mv
27
explain why Chloride ions are inhibitory using nernst potential info
chloride nernst is -70, which is more negative than -65. Chloride is a negatively charged ion so if it enters the cell, it will make the cell more negative, less excitable
28
the synapses that lie near the soma have more or less effect in causing neuron excitation or inhibition? Why
more because the dendrites have leak channels along them, facilitating "decremental conduction," lowering the conduction before it reaches the soma
29
most anesthetics ____the neuronal threshold for excitation and thereby ____synaptic transmission
increase, decrease
30
the 3 major levels of the CNS
1. spinal cord level 2. lower brain or subcortical level 3. the higher brain, or cortical level
31
name the structures of the "lower brain," and what type of body activities are controlled by them in general
-medulla, pons, mesencephalon(midbrain), hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum, and basal ganglia - subconscious activity
32
what is the job of the cerebral cortex, or the "higher brain"
huge memory storehouse, and functions in association with the lower structures. The lower brain structures are what initiate the "wakefulness" of the cerebral cortex
33
pacinian receptors, myelinated or not? what speed are these signals?
deep, short burst of pressure. fast signal, myelinated, fast fatigue also. quick quick quick
34
crude touch
poorly localized
35
what are the 2 main systems of transferring sensory data thru the spinal cord
dorsal column medial lemniscus and the anterolateral spinothalamic system
36
pain, thermo, pressure, crude types of sensations are sent to the brain via the
anterolateral spinothalamic system
37
highly localized sensations are sent via the
dorsal column medial lemniscus
38
39
What are the types of sensory input?
* Pain * Touch * Temperature * Chemical signals
40
What is the main pathway for sensory signals in the nervous system?
Sensors → Spinal cord → (medulla, pons, mesencephalon) → thalamus → Higher cerebral areas
41
What happens to 99% of sensory input?
It gets ignored
42
What are the two types of signals transmitted in the nervous system?
* Chemical (neurotransmitter - one-way system) * Electrical (gap junctions - bidirectional)
43
What is pre-synaptic excitation?
Depolarization triggers calcium channels to open, allowing calcium into the neuron, leading to neurotransmitter release
44
Fill in the blank: Sodium enters a neuron causing _______.
[excitatory]
45
Fill in the blank: Chloride entering or potassium leaving a neuron causes _______.
[inhibitory]
46
What are metabotropic signals?
Signals that use second messengers to open channels or alter cellular activity
47
What is the role of second-messenger G proteins?
* Open ion channels * Activate or inactivate enzymes (cAMP, cGMP) * Activate or inactivate intracellular enzymes * Activate gene transcription
48
What is the function of acetylcholine in the nervous system?
It is a class I neurotransmitter
49
What is the resting membrane potential's purpose?
To maintain a negative charge allowing sodium influx during excitatory messages
50
What does it mean to reach threshold in a neuron?
Sufficient excitatory signals must be received to generate an action potential
51
What are spatial and temporal summation?
* Spatial summation: Multiple post-synaptic potentials around a cell * Temporal summation: One presynaptic terminal firing multiple times
52
What is facilitation in neuronal signaling?
Summated potential waiting for additional input to reach action potential threshold
53
Where does action potential transmission occur in a neuron?
In the axon, not the soma
54
What is synaptic fatigue?
Increased signals initially, followed by neurotransmitter depletion and ion concentration changes
55
What are the types of sensory receptors?
* Chemoreceptors * Pressure sensors * Pain sensors * Thermoreceptors
56
What is the labeled line principle?
Each type of sensor transmits specific types of signals to the brain
57
What is the difference between phasic and tonic receptors?
* Phasic receptors: Fast adapting, respond to acute changes * Tonic receptors: Slow adapting, respond to ongoing conditions
58
What types of fibers are A and C fibers?
* A fibers: Fast, larger, myelinated * C fibers: Slow, non-myelinated, aching dull pain
59
What is a neuronal pool?
A collection of neurons that work together to provide specific functions
60
What is divergence in neural signaling?
The process of signals spreading outward to multiple pathways
61
What is convergence in neural signaling?
The process of multiple signals being combined into one pathway
62
What is reciprocal inhibition?
One pathway is excited while another is inhibited, e.g., bicep contraction and tricep inhibition
63
What is a reverberatory circuit?
A circuit that allows a stimulus to continue producing signals through facilitative neuron signals
64
What is short-term fatigue in synaptic transmission?
NT degradation, re-uptake, and ion changes within receptor cells
65
What happens during long-term changes in membrane activity?
Receptor sensitivity adjusts to maintain homeostasis, such as sympathetic and parasympathetic balance
66
what is the reticular formation
a "net" of neuronal pathways integrated thru the brainstem structures up to the thalamus that allow for organizing and sorting of signals traveling to and from brain/spinal cord
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