Patho > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

(135 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

Describe size, myelination, and targets of A-alpha fibers

A

largest, myelinated, large motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Most important signals will be sent through what type of neuron

A

large, myelinated fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List the nerve fibers that Dr Schmidt told us to focus on in descending size/speed

A

A-alpa
A-beta
A-gamma
A-delta
C-unmyelinated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What fibers send dull, achy, slow pain

A

C fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what fibers send fast pain signals

A

A-delta fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are muscle spindles/spindle receptors and what nerve fibers are involved

A

-sensors built into the muscle fibers that feedback to the spinal cord and brain to tell us information about the muscle we are trying to move - stretch sensors - PROPRIOCEPTION
-A - beta fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

You’re injecting blocking agents into the neck - which nerve fibers do you want to be sure are blocked and why?

A

A-alpha fibers because they are the hardest to block requiring more anesthetic. If you block the ones requiring higher doses, then you can be sure that all the rest are blocked too.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens when GABA is activated by ethanol?

A

the nervous system stops releasing its own GABA, leading to the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal (agitation, anxiety, potentially DTs, seizures etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the receiving end of a neuron

A

dentrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the primary function of the axon hillock

A

the decision-making zone of the axon. It will receive all the excitatory and inhibitory signals coming in from the dendrites and will decide if an action potential will fire or not.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the axon hillock anatomically

A

the specialized region of the neuron where the axon originates from the soma (cell body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 2 general cell types of the nervous system

A

neurons : predominant, message sending around body
glial cells: supporting cells, help us to move action potentials around the body, clean things up, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cell nucleus

A

cell body/neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sending end of the neuron

A

axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Myelin’s function

A

increases speed and efficiency of a message being sent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sending neuron

A

pre-synaptic, sending end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Post-synaptic neuron

A

receiving neuron, target

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where proteins are made in a neuron

A

cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do proteins get sent down long neurons

A

train-track system?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are astrocytes

A

supporting cells that wrap around neurons, maintaining them and cleaning up degenerations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of a typical decision-making neuron and why

A

Vrm is around -60, primed for firing with minimal stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What keeps the breaks on our nervous system

A

GABA mediated chloride permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where typically can you find the highest concentration of the inhibitory synapses?
Why?

A

the axon hillock. We need strategically placed inhibitory synapses to prevent over firing of the neurons since they are easy to excite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What type of neuron has a cell body in middle, myelination of both projections
What senses are they associated with?

A

Special senses: olfactory, retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What type of neuron has a cell body in the middle of the projections of the sending and receiving structures, but off to the side Cell body doesnt control anything there, its just a good set up to send sensory info from one place to the other, no decision making needed by the neuron itself.
pseudounipolar other senses: pain, temperature, pressure
26
Where does motor input originate from in the spinal cord
anterior
27
Where does sensory information come into on the spinal cord
posterior
28
What creates the spinal ganglia?
all the cell bodies of the pseudounipolar neurons in the sensory system
29
Multipolar neuron
-decision making neuron -majority of our BRAIN is made up of multi-polar neurons -these can be in the spinal cord (reflex arc) or the brain (CNS decisions) and then they fire or stay at rest depending on the signals it receives.
30
Which glial cells produce CSF? How? Where?
Ependymal Cells -they have Na+ pumps that pump Na+ into the CSF containers, water and chloride follows.
31
What are the most abundant type of glial cell? What do they do and how?
Astrocytes -regulate the metabolic environment -tight junction to prevent things from entering -repair neurons after injury -structural support -they can divide and multiply themselves quickly, UNlike neurons
32
What glial cell serves as a buffer for the potassium levels in our CSF
astrocytes
33
what keeps the brain contained
dura layer, outtermost connective layer pia layer innermost then bony surrounding structure bones of spine/skull
34
brain tumors are likely to be from which cells - neurons or glial cells?
glial cells - bc they divide and replicate
35
what do the cilia do on the ependymal cells
move the csf forward as its being produced
36
brain stem structures superior to inferior
pons midbrain (mesencephalon) medulla medulla oblongata cord
37
sulcus
groove
38
fissure
really deep, sometimes pretty wide
39
gyrus
lump of tissue separated by the grooves or really deep grooves (sulci or fissures)
40
frontal lobe
-voice in your head, self-identity, personality -planning, actions -motor cortex - we dexide to do something with out muscles as well as the execution
41
What is the divide for the frontal lobe to the parietal love
central sulcus
42
precentral gyrus
separated by 2 sulci primary motor cortex anterior and lateral to central sulcus
43
posterior to central sulcus
parietal lobe
44
main sensory (other senses) processing area
parietal lobe
45
somatosensory cortex (presusre, pain, vibration)
parietal lobe
46
gyrus that is posterior to central sulcus
post-central gyrus
47
back of the brain
occipital lobe
48
visual cortex
occipital lobe
49
emotional sensors
temporal lobe
50
audio processing
temporal lobe
51
dividing line btwn temporal and frontal lobe
lateral sulcus or temporolateral fissure
52
allows us to coordinate complex muscle movement,
cerebellum
53
muscle movements have lost control due to injury to what part of the brain most likely
cerebellum
54
dividing line of 2 hemispheres of brain (left and right side of brain)
longitudinal fissure
55
Which sulcus or fissure do we look for first when dissecting and locating other areas of the brain
central sulcus
56
information being sent back and forth
white matter
57
processing is done in the ___ matter
gray (pink in color on the slides)
58
not a lot of myelinated axons, lots of cell bodies
gray matter
59
why cant there be a ton of myelin on input signal areas of the decision making cells?
wouldnt allow for signal input
60
what is an upside of the gray matter being on the outer layer of the brain?
easier to perfuse
61
downside of gray matter being on the outside
if they hit the cranium, its prone to damage. concussions, etc.
62
What white matter area does the brain use to criss cross and communicate laterally between left and right side of brain
corpus callosum (see saggital cross section of brain - left side and right side sawn in half)
63
emotional centers of the brain
corpus callosum
64
lump of tissue that sits superior to corpus callosum
singulate gyrus emotion!
65
outside and on top of hypothalamus
thalamus
66
relay center
thalamus
67
regulatory center
hypothalamus
68
collection of cell bodies all doing a specialized task together
nuclei
69
broca's area
formation of words
70
planning complex in frontal lobe makes idea for speech, then to motor area, then to the actual brocas area for forming the words
71
temporal lobe processes sounds, language is compreheded by wernickes area
72
language composition
wernickes
73
behavioral, emotional sensory nuclei
limbic system
74
myelinated axons in the white matter of the spina cord
"tracts" that send information up to the brain or down towrs the part of the body that they need to talk to. major ascending and decending pathways
75
information that is sent up to the brain via
snesory tracts
76
information that is sent down the spinal cord (decending) to the effectors
motor tracts
77
lots of axons, not myelinated mostly, decision-making center, lots of cell bodies, dendrites
gray matter
78
reflex arcs are ___ matter in the spinal
gray
79
sensory information into the posterior of cord motor information travels from anterior cord
80
20% of energy goes into feeding ___matter
white
81
80% of energy goes into feeding ____matter
gray
82
Why is gray matter more vulnerable to ischemia than white matter?
they are not as energy efficient, non-myelinated, using up 80% of energy expenditure in nervous system
83
aneurysm repair pbstructs blood flow to the fron to f the cord ore tan back of the cord. The front of the cord has lots of gray matter
84
why are front of cord unmyelinated but we have large myelinated motor neurons???
85
spinal cord cross section
prevents cross- talk
86
anterior median fissure
separates the front of the cord to the left and right sides of cord
87
CSF flows thru this little opening in the spinal cord, runs the whole length of cor
central canal
88
sensory pathway horns
posterior (dorsal) horns
89
motor function horns
anterior (ventral) horns
90
posterior to anteriomedian fissure, white matter cross over region
AWC - sliver of myelinated tissue where left and right crosstalk of white matter occurs in spinal cord
91
lamina X
gray matter cross-talk region in spinal cord
92
Ganglia
lots of cell body collections involved the same tasks in the PNS
93
Anterior spinal artery location
anterior median fissure
94
bilateral posterior spinal cord
2 posterior spinal arteries
95
help perfuse the outside of the cordd
coronal arteries
96
which matter requires more blood flow?
gray matter
97
wider fissure in anterior of spinal cord
anterior median fissure
98
more narrow dividing line in back of cord
dorsal fissure
99
which information gets fed into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
sensory in the back into dorsal horn
100
bundles of neurons held together at the dorsal horn
posterior rootlets
101
bundles of neurons held together at the anterior horn
anterior rootlets
102
root
where all the rootlets come together and fuse
103
lump of cell bodies for our sensory neurons
posterior ganglion/dorsal root ganglion, also note that this is a "nuclei"
104
run parallel to the chest
sympathetic ganglion
105
Where do we start the "spinal nerve"
where the posterior and ventral roots come together
106
C8 spinal nerve pairs exit ___C7
below
107
Cervical spinal nerve pairs exit ___the vertebral axis of its same number how many pairs?
above 8
108
T spine nerve pairs exit ___the corresponding vertebra how many pairs?
below 12
109
Lumbar spine nerve pairs exit ___the corresponding vertebra How many pairs?
below 5
110
Sacral spine nerve pairs exit ___the corresponding vertebra. how many pairs?
below 5
111
How many coccigeal spinal nerves are there
ONE
112
how many vertebra in each region
C-7 T-12 L-5 S-5 Coccygeal - 4 (2 are fused in adults)
113
T spine curvature
posterior curvature (curving towards posterior) posterior, convex (curving towards posterior) concave, anterior curvature Kyphotic (convex when looking from posterior aspect)
114
What are the 2 kyphotic regions of the spine
coccyx and t - spine
115
What curvature do C-spine and L spine have
lordotic curvature
116
left to right curvature in the coronal plane
scoliosis
117
kyphoscoliosis
abnormal curvature in the T spine, abnormal curvature front to back and side to side
118
Describe the complications of having spine surgeries with rods and plates
after rods and plates and surgery, spine loses its springiness, immobilizing parts of the spine. levels immediately above and below the fusion now become hinge points and will take lots of stress and pressure, cause discs to bulge, and will need more fusions every 10 years or so.
119
newborn spine is primarily ____ curvature
kyphotic
120
main weight-bearing structure of vertebra
vertebral body
121
fastens arch and vertebral body
pedicle
122
larger chunk of bone that wraps around the back of the vertebral arch
lamina
123
coming off the back of the vertebral arch
spinous process
124
off the sides of the vertebral arch
transverse processes
125
project upwards from transverse processes
superior articular processes
126
projects inferior to vertebral arch
inferior articular processes
127
____ from superior vertebra will connect to the ____ inferior to it
inferior articular processes, superior articular processes
128
what does hiyalin cartilage do
provide flexibility and cushion, prevent bone on bone from grinding each other - extremely painful
129
Area that's hollowed out and available for spinal nerve to exit through
inferior vertebral notch, continuous with the superior vertebral notch to the vertebrae inferior to it
130
term used to describe a bone to bone connection, give an example
facet joints, superior articular facet
131
in myasthenia gravis, autoimmune response attacks the ____
ACh receptors at the postsynaptic NMJ
132
all of our pain fibers are ____nerve endings
free
133
adaptation
after long period of time of stimulus, the sensor will reduce it response. lessening sensitivity over time
134
reverse adaptation / potentiation
pain sensors - the more pain we have, the more pain we feel
135
Patho
flashcards
Decks in class (16)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions