COM: BIOL 120 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe parts of a neuron

A

Nucleus w cell body in the middle, dendrites (receive information), axon (sometimes myelinated), axon terminals (secretory region)

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2
Q

What are bundles of axons called in the CNS?

A: nuclei
B: nerves
C: tracts
D: ganglion

A

C: tracts

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3
Q

What are bundles of axons called in the PNS?

A: neurons
B: nerves
C: tracts

A

B: nerves

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4
Q

What are collections of nerve cell bodies called in the CNS?

A: nucleus
B: nerves
C: tracts
D: ganglion

A

A: nucleus

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5
Q

What are collections of nerve cell bodies called in the PNS?

A: nucleus
B: nerves
C: tracts
D: ganglion

A

D: ganglion

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6
Q

What kind of neuron is this?

A

Unipolar

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7
Q

What kind of neuron is this?

A

Bipolar

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8
Q

What kind of neuron is this?

A

Multipolar

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9
Q

PNS glia

A

Schwann cells
Satellite cells

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10
Q

CNS glia

A

Microglial cells
Ependymal cells
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes

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11
Q

Function of oligodendrocytes

A

Produce myelin sheath

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12
Q

Function of astrocytes

A

Exchanges between capillaries and neurons via gap junctions

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13
Q

Function of ependymal cells

A

Form permeable barrier between CNS and tissue fluid bathing cells of CNS

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14
Q

Function of microglial cells

A

Keeps neurons clean and healthy

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15
Q

Function of Schwann cells

A

Surround neuron cell bodies and form myelin sheaths

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16
Q

Function of satellite cells

A

Respond to injury and inflammation

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17
Q

Afferent subdivision of PNS

Two divisions are…

A

AKA sensory
Nerve fibers (axons) conveying impulses to CNS

Somatic = skin, skeletal muscles, joints
Visceral = organs

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18
Q

1 Efferent subdivision of PNS is known as…
2 Two divisions of PNS

A

1 Motor ➡️ transmits impulses from CNS to muscles/glands

2 Somatic nervous system = voluntary and autonomic nervous system = involuntary

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19
Q

Afferent neurons are aka

A

Sensory neurons - carry information from sensory receptors in the body towards the central nervous system (CNS)

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20
Q

Efferent neurons are aka

A

Motor neurons - transmit signals away from the central nervous system (CNS) to muscles and glands

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21
Q

Interneurons are aka

A

Association neurons

Lie between motor and sensory neurons

Shuttle signals through CNS pathways where integration occurs

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22
Q

Grey + white matter layer in cerebrum

A

Grey outside
White inside

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23
Q

Grey + white matter layer in spinal cord

A

White outside
Grey inside

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24
Q

Label the brain

Cerebrum
Cerebral cortex
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brain stem – pons, medulla oblongata

A
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25
What is this part of the brain called?
Diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus
26
PNS nerve structure
See image!
27
Major nerve plexuses
Cervical Lumbar Sacral Brachial
28
Major nerves contained within... Cervical nerve plexus Lumbar nerve plexus Sacral nerve plexus Brachial nerve plexus
Cervical nerve plexus: cervical spinal nerves Lumbar nerve plexus: lumbar spinal nerves Sacral nerve plexus: sciatic Brachial nerve plexus: axillary, median, radial, ulnar
29
Functions of... Dorsal horns (grey matter) Ventral horns (grey matter) Posterior columns (white matter) Anterior columns (white matter)
Dorsal horns: carry sensory info to brain Ventral horns: send axons to skeletal muscles Posterior columns: carry sensory info to brain Anterior columns: carries motor f(x) from brain to body
30
Sympathetic nerves - Pre and post ganglia length
- Pre ganglionic are short - Post ganglionic are long - Fight, flight - Increase heart rate - Dilate pupils - Slows digestion
31
Parasympathetic nerves - Pre and post ganglia length
- Pre ganglionic are long - Post ganglionic are short - Rest and digest - Slow heart rate - Constrict pupils - Increase digestion
32
What are the two main divisions of the **nervous system**?
Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
33
True or false: The **CNS** includes the brain and spinal cord.
TRUE ## Footnote The CNS is responsible for processing information and coordinating responses.
34
Fill in the blank: The **PNS** connects the CNS to _______.
the limbs and organs.
35
What is the function of **neurons**?
Neurons transmit electrical impulses throughout the nervous system.
36
Define **glial cells**.
Supportive cells in the nervous system that assist neurons and maintain homeostasis.
37
What is the role of **myelin**?
Myelin insulates axons to increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission.
38
True or false: **Synapses** are gaps between neurons.
TRUE ## Footnote Synapses allow neurotransmitters to transmit signals between neurons.
39
What is the **cerebellum** responsible for?
Coordination of voluntary movements and balance.
40
Define **cerebrum**.
The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher brain functions like thought and action.
41
What are **sensory neurons**?
Neurons that carry signals from sensory receptors to the CNS.
42
True or false: **Motor neurons** transmit signals from the CNS to muscles.
TRUE ## Footnote Motor neurons are essential for movement and muscle control.
43
Fill in the blank: The **autonomic nervous system** regulates _______.
involuntary bodily functions like heart rate and digestion.
44
What are the two branches of the **autonomic nervous system**?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
45
Define **sympathetic nervous system**.
The part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses.
46
What is the function of the **parasympathetic nervous system**?
It conserves energy and promotes 'rest and digest' functions.
47
Fill in the blank: The **spinal cord** transmits signals between the brain and _______.
the rest of the body.
48
What is a **reflex arc**?
A neural pathway that controls a reflex action.
49
True or false: The **limbic system** is involved in emotions and memory.
TRUE ## Footnote The limbic system includes structures like the hippocampus and amygdala.
50
Fill in the blank: The **thalamus** acts as a _______.
relay station for sensory information.
51
What is the role of the **hypothalamus**?
It regulates homeostasis and controls the endocrine system.
52
Define **neurotransmitters**.
Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses between neurons.
53
True or false: **Dopamine** is associated with pleasure and reward.
TRUE ## Footnote Dopamine is crucial in motivation and reinforcement.
54
Fill in the blank: The **blood-brain barrier** protects the brain from _______.
harmful substances in the bloodstream.
55
Nerve impulses leading to the skeletal muscle carry information to direct movement. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? A: sensory (afferent) division B: somatic nervous system C: sympathetic division D: parasympathetic division
B: somatic nervous system
56
The concentration of ions in the chemical environment surrounding the neurons must be tightly regulated for neurons to function properly. Which of the cells is most responsible for this? A: astrocytes B: oligodendrocytes C: Schwann cells D: satellite cells
A: astrocytes
57
These cells in the CNS have cilia that move in order to circulate cerebrospinal fluid. A: corticospinal tracts B: corpus callosum C: cerebral cortex D: outer portion of the spinal cord
C: cerebral cortex
58
White matter is found in all of the following locations EXCEPT the _______. A: corticospinal tracts B: corpus callosum C: cerebral cortex D: outer portion of the spinal cord
C: cerebral cortex
59
Which brain structure functions to control the autonomic nervous system and to regulate body temperature? A: medulla oblongata B: cerebellum C: hypothalamus D: mammillary body E: pons
C: hypothalamus
60
Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in _______. A: the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord B: the thalamus C: the ventral root ganglia of the spinal cord D: sympathetic ganglia
A: the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord (Dr. D says D)
61
Broca's area _______. A: is considered a motor speech area B: is usually found only in the right hemisphere C: serves the recognition of complex objects D: controls the voluntary movements of the eye
A: is considered a motor speech area
62
The _______ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. A: basal nuclei B: brain stem C: diencephalon D: midbrain
C: diencephalon
63
A patient is suffering from the inability to distinguish various types of odors. This patient may have damage to which of the following? A: vagus nerve (X) B: facial nerve (VIII) C: hypoglossal nerve (XII) D: olfactory nerve (I)
D: olfactory nerve (I)
64
An emergency medical technician is examining a trauma victim by shining a pen light into her patient's eye. She records the reactivity of the patient's pupils as they constrict when stimulated by the light. This test suspects which of the following? A: lost function of the oculomotor nerve (III) B: lost function of the optic nerve (II) C: suffered brain damage D: has function of the trochlear nerve (IV)
A: lost function of the oculomotor nerve (III)
65
A major nerve of the lumbar plexus is the _______. A: median B: subscapular C: femoral D: sciatic
C: femoral
66
Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the _______. A: lumbar plexus B: sacral plexus C: femoral plexus D: thoracic plexus
B: sacral plexus
67
Which of the following is a function of the parasympathetic division? A: produces goosebumps B: dilates bronchioles C: contracts smooth muscle of the bladder walls and relaxes urethral sphincter D: increases heart rate and force of contraction
C: contracts smooth muscle of the bladder walls and relaxes urethral sphincter
68
Which of the following is mismatched? A: sympathetic preganglionic fibers; release ACh B: sympathetic postganglionic fibers; release NE C: parasympathetic preganglionic fibers, release ACH D: parasympathetic postganglionic fibers, release NE
D: parasympathetic postganglionic fibers, release NE
69
Sympathetic nerves may leave the spinal cord at which vertebra? A: third lumbar B: second cervical C: first coccyx D: first thoracic
D: first thoracic
70
In a person who is color-blind, which of the following would you most expect to see? A: an inability to regenerate 11-cis-retinal (photopigments) after bleaching B: a loss of functions in the rods of their retina C: a loss of their peripheral vision D: absence of green or red cones in their foveae
D: absence of green or red cones in their foveae
71
Which of the following types of receptors are located in the mouth? A: chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors B: chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors only C: chemoreceptors only D: thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and nociceptors
A: chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors
72
Receptors for hearing are located in the _______. A: semicircular canals B: tympanic membrane C: vestibule D: cochlea
D: cochlea
73
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the external ear? A: pinna B: pharyngotympanic tube C: external acoustic meatus D: tympanic membrane
B: pharyngotympanic tube
74
Hormones produced by posterior pituitary gland
Antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin
75
Hormones produced by anterior pituitary gland
FLAT P(e)G Follicle stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone Thyroid stimulating hormone Prolactin Growth hormone F+L = gonadotropic
76
Effect of oxytocin
Cuddle hormone Stimulate uterine contractions Connection
77
Effect of ADH
Stimulate kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water
78
Effect of GH
Stimulates somatic growth Mobilizes fats Spares glucose
79
Effect of TSH
Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones - T3 and T4
80
Effect of ACTH
Promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens
81
Effect of FSH
Stimulates ovarian follicle maturation Produce estrogens Stimulates sperm production
82
Effect of LH
Triggers ovulation Stimulates ovarian production of estrogens and progesterone Promotes testosterone
83
Effect of PRL
Promotes lactation
COM: BIOL 120
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