KINE 2031 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

3 main functions of NS

A
  1. Sensory: detects changes in environment
  2. Integration: Processing/decision making
  3. Motor: Tells body what to do
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2
Q

Structural Organization of NS (2 main components)

A
  1. Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and Spinal Cord
  2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia, Enteric plexuses in small intestine, receptors in skin
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3
Q

Afferent connects to which nerve type?

A

Sensory (Signal is being sent TO CNS)

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4
Q

Efferent connects to which nerve type?

A

Motor (Signal is being sent AWAY from CNS or EXITING)

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5
Q

Somatic NS (SNS) is…

A

Voluntary

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6
Q

Autonomic NS (ANS) is…

A

Involuntary

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7
Q

Effectors of the Somatic NS are…

A

Skeletal Muscle

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8
Q

Effectors of the Autonomic NS are..

A

Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle, glands

And in Enteric NS (ENS):
Smooth muscle, glands, endocrine cells of GI tract

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9
Q

What are astrocytes?

A
  • Non-Nervous Cells in CNS
  • Large and located between capillaries and neurons
  • Regulate substances that come in contact with neurons
  • Act as glue, hold things together
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10
Q

What are Obligodendrocytes?

A
  • Non nervous cells in the CNS
  • Bulbus with cytoplasmic exstentions
  • Responsible for making myelin sheath
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11
Q

What are Microglial cells?

A
  • Non nervous cells in the CNS
  • Smaller, less abundant
  • Destroy viruses and bacteria
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12
Q

What are Ependymal cells?

A
  • Non nervous cells in the CNS
  • Cuboidal epithelial
  • Lining specific cavities of brain and spinal cord
  • Have cilia
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13
Q

Name the 4 main non-nervous cells of the CNS

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Obligodendrocytes
  3. Microglial Cells
  4. Ependymal Cells
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14
Q

Name the 2 main non-nervous cells of the PNS

A
  1. Satellite cells
  2. Schwann cells
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15
Q

What are Satellite cells?

A
  • Non nervous cells of the PNS
  • Flat, surround cell body within a ganglion
  • Regulates nutrients and waste (similar to astrocytes)
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16
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A
  • Non nervous cells of the PNS
  • Flat
  • Wrap around axons to form myelin (similar to obligodendrocytes)
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17
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A
  • Attack myelin sheath in multiple areas
  • plaque build up
  • Decreased speed of signals
  • Muscle weakness, numbness
  • Usually begins between ages of 20-40 years
  • More common in women
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18
Q

What are the three developmental regions of the brain?

A
  1. Forebrain
  2. Midbrain
  3. Hindbrain
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19
Q

What are the main components of the forebrain?

A
  1. Cerebrum:
    White matter = myelinated axons
    Gray matter = dendrites and cell bodies
  2. Deeper gray matter
    - Thalamus
    - Hypothalamus
    - Basal Nuclei
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20
Q

What are Gyri and Sulci?

A

Folds of the cortex the increase surface area

Gyri are the crests, Sulci are the dips

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21
Q

What is the cortex?

A

Outer most layer of the brain

Have Gyri and Sulci

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22
Q

What are the 4 main lobes of the cerebrum?
And the 5th deep lobe?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Temporal
  4. Occipital
  5. Insula
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23
Q

Function of the Thalamus?

A

Sends sensory signals to the cerebrum

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24
Q

What are the components of the mid/hindbrain?

A

Cerebellum, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, spinal cord, arbor vitae

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25
Function of the hypothalamus?
Controls ANS Endocrine system and hormones
26
Describe the basal Nuclei
Located on both sides of the thalamus, Have a head, body, tail and putamen, passes voluntary signals from cerebrum to other parts of the brain, is connected to Parkinson’s disease
27
What are tracts in the brain?
Myelinated axons
28
What are the 3 main tracts of the brain?
1. Commissural: connects left and right hemispheres 2. Projection: down to spinal cord and back up 3. Association (Same hemisphere) : - Longitudinal: Through hemisphere - Arcuate: Stays within their own lobe
29
Name the 3 meninges
1. Dura mater : tough mother 2. Arachnoid mater : spider mother (have trabeculi) 3. Pia mater : tender mother
30
What are Meninges?
membranes that line the skull and vertebral canal
31
What are venous sinuses?
Veins That form between dural folds Collect poorly oxygenated blood and bring it back toward the heart
32
What is cerebral spinal fluid? (CSF)
Fluid that runs within the subarachnoid space Bathes brain in fluid for protection, buoyancy and can also be a marker for NS health
33
Describe the 4 ventricles of the brain
1 and 2. Lateral ventricles 3. Third Ventricle 4. Fourth Ventricle CSF made in all of them Contain choroid plexus (blood capillaries, Ependymal cells)
34
Describe the path of the ventricles
Lateral ventricles —> Interventricular foramen —> Third ventricle —> Aqueduct of the midbrain —> Fourth Ventricle —> Can go out lateral and medial aperture —> OR continue to central canal to the spinal cord
35
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 (8 Cervical, 12 Thoracic, 5 Labaric, 5 Sacral, 1 Coccygeal)
36
What is the Cauda equina?
The 'horse tail' of nerves below the spinal cord
37
What is a spinal tap/anasthesia?
When a needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space to either take a sample of spinal fluid or administer anasthesia. Both can be permanently damaging if inserted above L2 (Spinal cord is present). The needle is usually inserted between L3 and L4
38
What is the Filum terminale?
- Thin, threadlike filament that is a stip of the pia mater - Located at the end of the coccyx
39
How many pairs Cervical nerves are there?
8 (C1-->C8)
40
How many pairs of Thoracic nerves are there?
12 (T1-->T12)
41
How many pairs of Lumbar nerves are there?
5 (L1-->L5)
42
How many pairs of Sacral nerves are there?
5 (S1-->S5)
43
How many pairs of Coccygeal nerves are there?
1
44
Sensory (afferent) neurons enter the spinal cord...
posteriorly
45
Motor (efferent) neurons exit the spinal cord...
anteriorly
46
What are posterior and anterior Rami/Ramus?
- Branches of the spinal nerves - Both can carry sensory AND motor neurons
47
What do posterior rami innervate?
Regions/ muscles at the back
48
What are spinal nerve plexi?
When the anterior rami group togther
49
What are the 4 main spinal nerve plexi?
1. Cervical (Neck) 2. Brachial (Upper limbs) 3. Lumbar (Lower limbs) 4. Sacral (Lower limbs)
50
Where are the intercostal nerves?
In the thoracic region
51
Describe the Cervical plexus - Where is it located? - What does it innervate? - Main nerve to memorize?
- C1-->C5 (But roots only C1-->C4) - Innervates neck, upper shoulders, chest - Phrenic Nerve (located around C5) innervates the diaphram - Roots of phrenic nerve: C3, 4, 5, keeps the diaphram alive
52
Describe the Brachial plexus - Where is it located? - What does it innervate? - Main nerves to memorize?
- C5-->T1 - Upper limb - M shape - Musculocutaneous nerve: Innervates anterior arm muscles - Median Nerve: Innervates anterior forearm muscles - Radial Nerve: Innervates Posterior arm and forearm muscles(runs posteriorly to the M shape) - Ulnar Nerve: Innervates muscles of the hand
53
Describe the Lumbar plexus - Where is it located? - What does it innervate? - Main nerves to memorize?
- L1-->L4 - Innervates Anterior and medial aspects of lower limbs - Femoral Nerve: Innervates the anterior thigh - Obtruator Nerve: Innervates adductors
54
Describe the Sacral plexus - Where is it located? - What does it innervate? - Main nerves to memorize?
- L4-->S4 - Innervates posterior of lower limb - Sciatic nerve (biggest nerve in the body): Innervates posterior thigh muscles, hamstrings, etc.
55
How many pairs of Cranial Nerves are there?
12
56
What are the 12 Cranial Nerves?
1. Olfactory n. (S) 2. Optic n. (S) 3. Oculomotor n. (M) 4. Trochlear n. (M) 5. Trigeminal n. (B) 6. Abducens n. (M) 7. Facial n. (B) 8. Vestibulocochlear n. (S) 9. Glossopharyngeal n. (B) 10. Vagus (B) 11. Spinal Accessory n. (M) 12. Hypoglossal n. (M)
57
Memonic of 12 Cranial Nerves?
"Oh, Oh, Oh, They Traveled And Found Voldemort Guarding Very Secret Horcruxes"
58
Memonics for the types of cranial nerves?
"Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Mean More"
59
What are Cranial nerves?
Nerves that come directly off brain
60
What is the viscleral/ autonomic NS (ANS)? What are the effectors?
- Autonomic = involuntary signals - Effectors are smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands - No skeletal muscles
61
Describe Sensory neurons in the ANS
- They are subconcious signals (don't realize them) - A drop in blood pressure
61
3 components of ANS?
1. Parasympathetic Division 2. Sympathetic Division 3. Enteric NS (ENS): of the GI tract
62
Describe Motor neurons in the ANS
- They are subconscious/ involuntary - Ex smooth muscle in our digestive system
63
What is the main difference between the nerve signals in the SNS vs. the ANS
Somatic: signal goes straight to affector (skeletal muscle) Autonomic: signal requires at least 2 neurons or a gland (sympathetic and parasympathetic pre and post ganglionic nerves, an autonomic ganglion, and in some cases an adrenal gland that produces hormones like Epinephrine and NE)
64
What is the difference between pre and post ganglionic neurons?
Post ganglionic neurons are NOT myelinated
65
What is the Para symp. division? Where is it located?
- "Rest and digest" - Involved in homeostasis - Located: CN 3, 7, 9, 10 AND S2-S4
66
What is the Symp. division? Where is it located?
- "fight or flight response" - emergency - Located T1-L2
67
What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
Controls heart rate and rhythm of breathing
68
What is immediately deep to the arachnoid mater?
Subarachnoid space
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