1
Q
Parts of a neuron
A
2
Q
Body of a neuron
A
3
Q
Nucleus of a neuron
A
4
Q
Dendrite
A
5
Q
Axon
A
6
Q
Myelin
A
7
Q
White and grey matter
A
8
Q
Myelin sheath
A
9
Q
What does CNS stand for?
A
Central nervous system
10
Q
What does PNS stand for?
A
Peripheral nervous system
11
Q
Afferent nerve
A
12
Q
Efferent nerve
A
13
Q
Sensory nerves
A
14
Q
Motor nerves
A
15
Q
What is the resting state of a nerve?
A
16
Q
What is the sodium potassium pump?
A
17
Q
Depolarization- what is the threshold?
A
18
Q
Repolarization
A
19
Q
Nerve impulse conduction
A
20
Q
What is the all or nothing principle?
A
21
Q
What is a refractory period?
A
22
Q
Synaptic cleft
A
Small space where chemicals move across allowing neurons to communicate with each other
23
Q
Synapse
A
24
Q
Synaptic transmission
A
25
Presynaptic neuron
26
Postsynaptic neuron
27
Neurotransmitters (excitatory and inhibitory)
28
Postsynaptic receptors
29
Stopping and recycling neurotransmitters
Stopping:
Once a neurotransmitter crosses the synaptic cleft and attaches to the post synaptic receptor it is removed to let the receptor reset and accept other neurotransmitters
Recycling:
An enzyme ( acetylcholinesterase) breaks down acetylcholine (ACH)- a common neurotransmitter allowing the broken down products to move back across the synapse to be reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron and repackaged for other transmissions
30
Cerebrum hemisphere
31
Cerebral hemisphere
32
Cerebral cortex
33
White matter
34
What will you see if the cerebrum was damaged?
35
Cerebellum
- function
- signs if damaged/not developed
36
Diencephalon
Connection between the cerebrum and brain stem
37
Thalamus
38
Hypothalamus
- Allows the body to regulate hormone production and secretion in the body
- relay centre for nerve compilers intended for the pituitary gland where hormone functions are controlled
- controls body temp, hunger, thirst, emotional responses
39
Pituitary gland
40
Brian stem function
41
Medulla oblongata
42
Pons
43
Midbrain
44
Meninges
- composed of three connective tissue layers that surround the brain and spinal cord
- supply nutrients and oxygen to the superficial layers of the brain and spinal cord
- contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- meningitis = inflammation of the meninges
45
What is CSF?
- what can a CSF “tap” tell us
Cerebrospinal fluid
-
46
What is the blood brain barrier?
- why is it important
Defence mechanism that stops harmful chemicals from passing from the blood stream to the brain cells by restricting the movement of large/ complex molecules that ca affect brain tissue (i.e drugs/toxic chemicals)
47
The cranial nerves
- how many
- motor or sensory function
- voluntary or automatic function
- there are 12 in total
48
What are automatic nerves?
Involuntary nerves meaning you cannot control them
49
Where do the sympathetic nerves emerge from the CNS?
50
Where do parasympathetic nerves emerge from the CNS?
51
Ganglion
52
Preganglionic neuron
53
Postganglionic neuron
54
Differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia
55
Sympathetic chain
56
Fight or flight system
57
Function of the sympathetic nervous system
58
Function of the parasympathetic nervous system
59
How does the sympathetic nervous system deal with sudden blood loss
60
Neurotransmitters
61
Receptors
62
Somatic reflexes
63
Autonomic reflexes
64
Reflex arc
65
Stretch reflex
66
Withdrawal reflex
67
Crossed extensor reflex
68
Corneal reflex
69
Blink reflex
70
Pupillary light reflex
71
Consensual light reflex
72
Anal reflex
73
Proprioception
74
Role of upper CNS in moderating reflexes
75
Superscapular reflex
76
Subscapular reflex
77
Axillary reflex
78
Musculocutaneous reflex
79
Median/ulnar reflex
80
Radial reflex
81
Femoral reflex
82
83
Sciatic reflex
84
Tibial reflex
85
Peroneal reflex
86
Obturator reflex
87
Flexor/ withdrawal/ pedal reflex
88
Patellar reflex
89
Tarsus reflex
90
Perineal reflex
91
Righting reflex
92
Triceps/ extension on elbow reflex
93
Oral pharyngeal reflex
94
Laryngeal reflex
95
Pinna reflex
96
Menace/startle reflex
97
Palpebral reflex
98
Pupillary light response
99
Consensual reflex
100
Nystagmus
101
Corneal reflex
102
Panniculus reflex
103
Bladder function
104
Schiff- Sherrington syndrome
105
Spinal shock
106
Horners syndrome
107
108
Disuse atrophy
109
Brachial plexus
110
Radial nerve and radial nerve paralysis
111
Facial nerve and facial nerve paralysis
112
Radial nerve and radial nerve paralysis
113
Sciatic nerve and sciatic nerve damage
114
Spinal cord damage (IVDD)
115
Femoral nerve and femoral nerve damage
116
Vagus nerve
117
What is the advantage that nerves with a myelin have that nerves without it don’t?
118
Why don’t neurons regenerate after damage?
Neurons don’t regenerate after damage because of their complexity- they can range from super short to super long (several feet)
119
What is the CNS composed of?
Spinal cord and brain
120
What is the PNS composed of?
Nerves that extend outward from the spinal cord
121
Automatic nerve function
- examples?
122
Somatic nerve function
- examples?
123
How can a drug interfere with the communication between nerves?
124
Example of cranial sensory nerve and function
125
Example of cranial motor nerve and function
126
Example of cranial nerve with both sensory and motor functions
127
What are the 4 major cranial nerves?
1. Vagus
- internal organs
2. Facial
- face muscles
- taste
3. Trigeminal
- sensory
- face
- sinuses
- teeth
- jaw muscles
4. Optic
- vision
VTEC 1593
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