Networks & Internet Protocols Flashcards

Question

The role of the Internet Backbone

Answer 1

The Internet backbone **connects to regional networks**, which in turn provide access to Internet service providers, large firms, and government institutions. **Network access points** (NAPs) and **metropolitan area exchanges** (MAEs) are **hubs** where the backbone intersects regional and local networks and where backbone owners connect with one another.

Answer 2

Broadband access, its ubiquity, ease of access and cost to consumers are important. Operators may be tempted to **discriminate** in favour of their own services or those of third party partners to the detriment of competitive offerings. The most important principle of net neutrality is the idea that internet service providers (ISPs) should give consumers access to all legal content and applications on an equal basis, without favouring some sources or blocking others. This is where we start to see a domino effect — a **business can’t afford to pay** an ISP for premium service, it loses its online audience, it then loses its advertisers and can no longer afford to produce new content. Not only does this scenario **stifle competition** in the realm of digital content creation, but it also reduces overall digital ad supply while demand remains high. This creates increased competition for advertisers that are already struggling to reach consumers, given the rise of ad-blocking technology. Furthermore, this puts additional pressure on ad networks to maintain premium inventory out of a limited supply. We could be looking at a **sponsored Internet** in the future, where the only things Verizon subscribers see is the information those providers want them to see.

Answer 3

**IPv6** * New addressing scheme for IP numbers * Will provide more than a quadrillion new addresses * Not compatible with current addressing **Internet2** * Advanced networking consortium * Universities, businesses, government agencies, other institutions * Developed high-capacity 100 Gbps testing network * Testing leading-edge new technologies for Internet

Answer 4

* E-mail * Instant messaging * Newsgroups * VoIP * File Transfer Protocol (FTP) * World Wide Web

Answer 5

**Voice over IP (VoIP)** * Digital voice communication using IP, packet switching * After the data is scrambled by packet switching, a processor nearest the call’s destination, called a gateway, arranges the packets in the proper order and directs them to the telephone number of the receiver or the IP address of the receiving computer. **Virtual private network (VPN)** * Secure, encrypted, private network run over Internet * PPTP * Tunneling

Answer 6

1. User search request 2. SE web server receives request 3. Request is send to index severs and finds relevent keywords and PageRank web documents 4. Prepares small text summary 5. Outputs results to user

Answer 7

*Blogging, Wikis, Social Media* **Enabling collaboration, sharing information, and creating new services online.** * Interactivity * Real-time user control * Social participation (sharing) * User-generated content

Answer 8

**The “Semantic Web”** * Adds layer of meaning to the existing Web * Goal is to **reduce human effort in searching** for and processing information, making Web more intuitive * Increased communication and synchronisation with computing devices, communities * Developed by W3C * Internet of Things * Visual Web * Increased cloud computing, mobile computing

Answer 9

Mobile computers with **wireless network interface cards** link to the wired LAN by communicating with the access point. The **access point** uses radio waves to transmit network signals from the wired network to the client adapters, which convert them into data that the mobile device can understand. The client adapter then transmits the data from the mobile device back to the access point, which forward the data to the wired network.

Answer 10

* Wireless access range of 31 miles * Require WiMax antennas

Answer 11

Use tiny tags with embedded **microchips** containing data about an item and location. Tag antennas to **transmit radio signals over short distances to special RFID readers**, which send data over network to computer for processing. * Requires companies to have special hardware and software * Reduction in cost of tags making RFID viable for many firms Common uses: * Automated toll-collection * Tracking goods in a supply chain

Answer 12

Networks of hundreds or thousands of **interconnected wireless devices embedded into physical environment to provide measurements** of many points over large spaces. * Devices have built-in processing, storage, and radio frequency sensors and antennas * Require low-power, long-lasting batteries and ability to endure in the field without maintenance * Major sources of “**Big Data**” and fuelling “**Internet of Things**” Examples: * building security, * detect hazardous substances in air * monitor environmental changes, traffic, or military activity

Answer 13

during **package switching** using a **modem**

Networks & Internet Protocols Flashcards

(38 cards)