Neuro

Question 1

S1 pathway

Answer 1

Question 2

M1 pathway

Answer 2

Question 3

A1 pathway

Answer 3

Question 4

V1 pathway

Answer 4

Question 5

Bilateral vs unilateral brain damage

Answer 5

• Bilateral damage to the posterior parietal and lateral occipital cortex can result in Balint’s syndrome, where the ability to perceive multiple objects is diminished or lost.
• Unilateral damage (eg. stroke) can result in unilateral neglect syndromes. In these syndromes, one side of the scene/image is neglected.

Question 6

What happens in developmental neurobiology?

Answer 6

• Brain development involves the production of neurons (‘siring’) but then wiring them up into circuits, and then physiological development/ refinement of those circuits (‘firing’), which extends into adult life
• As the cerebral cortex develops, it undergoes ‘thinning’ as synapses are eliminated and circuits mature. Primary cortical areas undergo this process to the least extent, and complete it the earliest; multimodel association areas are still changing into adult life, most obviously here the prefrontal cortex
• The final stages of circuit development involve myelination of axons. This process peaks in pre- teen childhood in S1 and M1, but peaks well into adult life in multimodal association areas in the temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex.

Question 7

What happens in varicella-zoster virus infection (shingles)?

Answer 7

Question 8

What happens in diabetic neuropathy?

Answer 8

Question 9

What happens in denervation atrophy?

Answer 9

Question 10

What happens in myasthenia gravis?

Answer 10

Question 11

What are the 3 motor pathways?

Answer 11

Question 12

What aer the 2 somatosensory pathways?

Answer 12

Question 13

Ascending vs descending pathways

Answer 13

Question 14

What is central cord syndrome?

Answer 14

Result of tumour, bleed etc

Question 15

What are the Ddx for central cord syndrome?

Answer 15

Question 16

Where are the spinal cord lesions if…
he is able to feel pain in his left arm and leg, but not his right arm and leg, and he cannot feel touch in his right leg. He also has right-sided hemiparesis

Answer 16

Question 17

How does visceral pain travel in the dorsal column pathway?

Answer 17

Question 18

Bell’s palsy vs stroke

Answer 18

Question 19

Votional vs emotions paresis

Answer 19

Question 20

What parts of the body have segmented organisation?

Answer 20

• spinal cord and mesodermal somites
• medulla
• pharyngeal arches

Question 21

What are placodes?

Answer 21

Sense organs in the head develop (in part) from a series of specialized thickening of ectoderm: placodes, which are often capable of differentiating
into neurons.

Question 22

What happens in neuralation?

Answer 22

Question 23

What is the neural crest?

Answer 23

The neural crest is a multipotent population of neuroectodermal cells that migrate from the dorsal
neural tube (literally the ‘crest’ during neurulation).

The neural crest cells are progenitor cells that migrate out of the CNS and give rise to the PNS and a number of other tissues.

In the head, they form musculoskeletal tissues too. Crucially, cranial neural crest (and cardiac a tiny bit) can give rise to ectomesenchyme (cartilage and bone); vagal, trunk, and sacral neural crest do not.

Question 24

What happens in cranial morphogenesis?

Answer 24

Question 25

What are the endodermal pharyngeal pouches?

Answer 25

Question 26

What controls cranial morphogenesis?

Answer 26

Cell proliferation driving tissue growth is controlled by many and various signalling centres, secreting signals of the Shh, Wnt, BMP/TGF-𝞫, and FGF families.

Question 27

What signalling does ethanol decrease?

Answer 27