NS pt 7

Question 1

what are the general senses?

Answer 1

• pain
• touch
• pressure
• vibration
• proprioception

Question 2

what are the 3 receptor types?

Answer 2

1) interoceptor (visceral)
- detect internal changes in environment
2) exteroceptor (somatic)
- changes in external environment
3) proprioceptor (somatic)
- also an interoceptor
- detect change in position

Question 3

what are the 4 types of receptors based on the stimulus they detect?

Answer 3

1) nociceptor
- extreme temp, physical damage, chemicals
- results in pain once stim reaches certain threshold
2) thermoreceptors
- cold, warm
- mostly located on external regions of body (integumentary system)
3) mechanoreceptors (tactile, baroreceptor, proprioceptor)
- respond to pressure
4) chemoreceptor
- respond to chemicals (specific)

Question 4

where are thermoreceptors located?

Answer 4

• hypothalamus
• liver
• integumentary system (dermis)

Question 5

which are more common? cold or warm thermoreceptors?

Answer 5

way more cold

Question 6

what are the special senses?

Answer 6

• smell
• taste
• equilibrium
• hearing
• vision

Question 7

what are the olfactory organs?

Answer 7

• cerebrum
• olfactory nerve
• olfactory bulb
• olfactory tract
• olfactory epithelium

Question 8

what type of neuron is the olfactory nerve?

Answer 8

-bipolar

Question 9

where is the cell body of the olfactory nerve located?

Answer 9

-mostly found in olfactory epithelium - axon extends through cribriform plate where it’ll synapse with second neuron (olfactory bulb)

Question 10

the olfactory nerve synapses in the thalamus

true or false?

Answer 10

false

-synapses directly into olfactory cortex

Question 11

where is the olfactory cortex?

Answer 11

inferior portion of insula

Question 12

describe the olfactory pathway

Answer 12

1) olfactory epithelium
2) olfactory nerve (I)
3) olfactory bulb
4) olfactory tract
5) CNS

Question 13

what cells are responsible for gustation?

Answer 13

gustatory epithelial cells - found inside taste buds

Question 14

what are the 4 types of lingual papillae?

Answer 14

• filiform
• fungiform
• vallate
• foliate

Question 15

where is the gustatory cortex?

Answer 15

-superior insula

Question 16

describe the gustatory pathway

Answer 16

3-neuron system

• gustatory epithelium
• sensory afferent fibres carried by CNs (VII, IX, X) synapse in medulla (1st to 2nd order neuron)
• axons of postsynaptic neurons enter thalamus (2nd to 3rd order)
• gustatory cortex

Question 17

what are the 3 regions of the ear?

Answer 17

1) external
- tympanic membrane separates from middle
2) middle
- auditory tube connects to inner ear
3) inner
- cochlea and vestibular system

Question 18

what are the 2 portions of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

Answer 18

1) cochlear nerve (attached to cochlea)
- hearing
2) vestibular (on vestibule)
- balance

Question 19

what are the 3 ossicles?

Answer 19

• malleus
• incus
• stapes

Question 20

the stapes covers which window?

Answer 20

-oval window

Question 21

what are the 3 ducts in the cochlea?

Answer 21

• vestibular
• cochlear (endolymph)
• tympanic

Question 22

membranous labyrinth

Answer 22

• inside body labyrinth

- contains endolymph

Question 23

what is found between the membranous labyrinth and the bony labyrinth?

Answer 23

perilymph

Question 24

contrast semicircular canals with semicircular ducts

Answer 24

canals
-bony
ducts
-within body parts

Question 25

what are the 3 semicircular ducts? what head movements do they detect?

Answer 25

1) anterior - detects anterior/posterior motion (e.g. nodding yes) 2) lateral - detect shaking head "no" 3) posterior - side to side movement (coronal plane)

Question 26

which structure of the inner ear makes up the vestibular nerve?

Answer 26

-axons from hair cells

Question 27

what structures make up the otolithic membrane?

Answer 27

-otoliths and gelatinous membrane

Question 28

otoliths detect _____

Answer 28

movement because they are weighted

Question 29

what's the difference between the utricle and the saccule?

Answer 29

- utricle: detects horizontal displacement | - saccule: detects vertical displacement

Question 30

the basilar membrane gets deformed when fluid comes through the ______. What is the result of this?

Answer 30

Scala vestibuli | -causes apical surface of cells to come in contact with tectorial membrane above

Question 31

describe the auditory pathway

Answer 31

1) sound waves arrive at tympanic membrane 2) movement of tympanic membrane = movement of ossicles 3) movement of stapes at oval window = pressure waves in perilymph of Scala vestibule 4) pressure waves distort basilar membrane on way to round window of Scala tympani 5) vibration of basilar membrane causes hair cells to vibrate against tectorial membrane = hair stimulation and neurotransmitter release 6) info about frequency and intensity = relayed to CNS via cochlear nerve

Question 32

describe the visual pathway

Answer 32

1) photoreceptors in retina 2) optic nerve (II) 3) optic chiasm 4) optic tract 5) lateral geniculate nucleus 6) projection fibres 7) visual cortex

Question 33

know main anatomical components of eye

Answer 33

textbook