NTs

Question 1

In what state of mind is NE elevated in?

Answer 1

in ANXIETY

Question 2

IN what mood disorder is NE reduced in?

How to incr. it?

Answer 2

• DEPRESSION

- —incr. with SSRIs/ MOAis/ TCA

Question 3

What is the NE source?

Answer 3

LOCUS ceruleus

Question 4

When may the Locus Ceruleus be active?

And why?

Answer 4

in Opiate withdrawal

—-pts are very agitated, sympathetic system is RAMPED up

Question 5

Where is dopamine synthesized?

Answer 5

Midbrain:

• Substantia Nigra
• Ventral Tegmentum

Question 6

When is dopamine levels decr.?

Answer 6

• PARKINSON’S

- DEPRESSION

Question 7

When is dopamine elevated?

Answer 7

• in Schizophrenia

Question 8

What is given for psychosis ?

Answer 8

• DOPAMINE blockers

- HALOPERIDOL

Question 9

What is given for Parkinson’s?

Answer 9

• drugs that AGONIZE dopamine

- –LEVODOPA and CARBIDOPA

Question 10

Name the dopamine pathways.

Answer 10

1. Mesocortical Pathway
2. Mesolimbic Pathway
3. Nigrostriatatal pathway
4. Tuboinfundibular pathway

Question 11

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia is related to which dopaminergic pathway?

Answer 11

• Mesocortical pathway

Question 12

Where is GABA produced?

When is this area particularly activated?

Answer 12

• Nucleuc Accumbens

- in DRUG ADDICTION and FEAR

Question 13

When is GABA levels reduced?

Answer 13

• Anxiety and Huntington’s

Question 14

What is the action GABA has on neurones?

Answer 14

• it triggers the OPENING of Cl- channels

- causing HYPERPOLARIZATION of the neurones

Question 15

What is the source of serotonin?

Answer 15

• Raphe Nucleus

Question 16

When is serotonin levels low?

Answer 16

• Depression

- Anxiety

Question 17

What NTs are depleted in anxiety?

Answer 17

• GABA

- serotonin

Question 18

What is the SOURCE of ACh?

Answer 18

• basal nucleus of Meynert

Question 19

When are ACh levels increased?

Answer 19

• in REM sleep

Question 20

When are ACh levels depleted?

Answer 20

• Alzheimer’s Disease

- Huntington’s disease

Question 21

Name the MAJOR excitatory neurone in the brain.

Answer 21

GLUTAMATE

NMDA-r

Question 22

Which condition involves glutamate toxicity?

Answer 22

• huntington’s

- —-excessive influx of CALCIUM into the neurone on binding of the glutamate to the NMDA receptor> cell death

Question 23

What occurs on smoking/ inhaling “Angel dust”/ PCP?

Answer 23

• antagonist to NMDA receptor
• —VIOLENT behaviour/ hallucinations
• —ATAXIA/ nystagmus
• –hypertension/ tachycardia/ diaphoresis