Nucleus 2

Question 1

Quiescent

Answer 1

Can proliferate, but are not currently

Question 2

Terminally differentiated

Answer 2

Do not divide

Question 3

Senescent

Answer 3

No more proliferation, will die soon

Question 4

Longest and shortest cell cycle phases?

Answer 4

G1 longest, M shortest

Question 5

MPF

Answer 5

Cyclin B + Cdk1.

Drives and increases during mitosis

Question 6

G1 phase cyclins

Answer 6

Cyclin D with Cdk4/6

Cyclin E with Cdk2

Question 7

S phase cyclins

Answer 7

Cyclin A and Cdk2

Question 8

G2 cyclins

Answer 8

Cyclin A and Cdk1

Question 9

Cdk activation steps

Answer 9

Cdk and cyclin bind. Both inhibitory and activating phosphate added. Phosphatase removes inhibitory phosphate

Question 10

Asexual proliferation

Answer 10

Clonal

Question 11

Amount of gametes made per cell cycle

Answer 11

4 spermatids, 1 ovum

Question 12

Phases of prophase in meiosis 1

Answer 12

Leptotene
Zygotene
Pachytene 
Diplotene
Diakinesis

Question 13

Leptotene

Answer 13

Pairing of homologous chromosomes

Question 14

Zygotene

Answer 14

Synaptonemal comped forms

Question 15

Pachytene

Answer 15

Crossing over

Question 16

Diplotene

Answer 16

Synaptonemal complex dissolves

Question 17

Diakinesis

Answer 17

Nuclear envelope breaks down

Question 18

Mitosis vs meiosis

Answer 18

Homologous chromosomes pair in meiosis. Meiosis makes unique haploid daughter cells.

Question 19

Cell cycle checkpoint

Answer 19

G1 dna checkpoint
S restriction checkpoint (pRB, p53)
S dna checkpoint
G2 checkpoint (BrCa 1/2)
2 more in M

Question 20

Mitogens

Answer 20

Stimulate cell divisions, usually directly stimulate CDKs

Question 21

Growth factors

Answer 21

Indirectly stimulate CDKs

Question 22

pRB

Answer 22

Protein that inhibits E2F transcription factors that start G1/S. Inhibited by Cyclin D with Cdk4/6

Question 23

Restriction point

Answer 23

G1/S phase checkpoint.

Question 24

p53

Answer 24

Tumor suppressing protein. Dna damage activates, which then activated CDK inhibitors. Also initiates apoptosis

Question 25

Apoptosis

Answer 25

Cell death. Stimulates by cytochrome c from mitochondria. Initiates capsize cascade.

Question 26

Capase cascade

Answer 26

Apoptosis. Degrade dna, nuclear lamins, and cytoplasmic proteins.

Question 27

Necrosis

Answer 27

Pathological cell death. Trauma, chemicals, lack of nutrients, viruses. Swelling until busting, affecting nearby cells.