1
Q
OCCUR WHEN BLOOD VALUES EXCEED OR FAIL
TO FORM CORRECTLY OR FAIL TO MEET
NORMAL STANDARDS
A
blood dyscrasias
2
Q
- “WITHOUT,” AND EMIA, “BLOOD”)
- A REDUCTION IN THE AMOUNT OF CIRCULATING HEMOGLOBIN (HGB)
REDUCES THE OXYGEN-CARRYING ABILITY OF THE BLOOD - LEVELS BELOW 80 G/L RESULTS IN AN INCREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT AND A
SHUNTING OF BLOOD FROM THE PERIPHERY OF THE BODY TO THE VITAL
ORGANS
A
anemias
3
Q
what are the different underlying causes of anemias?
A
- BLOOD LOSS (TUMORS, ULCERS, TRAUMA)
- DESTRUCTION OF RBC (HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA)
- NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES (IRON DEFICIENCY, VIT B12)
4
Q
- COMMON NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY OF CHILDREN
- INCIDENCE IS HIGHEST DURING INFANCY (FROM 9TH-24TH
MONTH) AND ADOLESCENT
A
iron-deficiency anemia
5
Q
what are the causes of iron deficiency anemia?
A
- Severe hemorrhage
- Inability to absorb iron received
- Excessive growth needs
- Inadequate diet, poorly planned
meals, large quantities of
milk/day - Outgrow iron reserve in body
- Decrease intake of iron fortified
formula and cereal - Feeding problems
- Feeding cows milk to an infant
can lead to GI bleeding, which
can then result in anemia
6
Q
what are the S&S of iron deficiency anemia?
A
- Pallor, irritability, anorexia,
decrease in activity level,
overweight, SOB, slight murmur,
enlarged spleen - Labs might include: RBC,
reticulocytes, hgb, hct, cell
structure changes and iron
concentration. Stools for occult
blood might be collected and a
diet history is taken.
7
Q
what is the treatment of iron deficiency anemia?
A
- IRON, USUALLY FERROUS SULFATE, ORALLY
2 TO 3 TIMES A DAY - VITAMIN C AIDS IN ABSORPTION
- DIET HIGH IN IRON SUCH AS GREEN LEAFY
VEGETABLES, LEAN MEATS, CHICKEN,
TURKEY, WHOLE EGGS, CEREALS, ETC
8
Q
- ONE OF THE OLDEST HEREDITARY DISEASES
KNOWN TO MAN - A BLEEDING DISORDER- BLOOD DOES NOT CLOT
NORMALLY, EVEN THE SLIGHTEST INJURY CAN
CAUSE SEVERE BLEEDING - CONGENITAL DISORDER CONFINED ALMOST
EXCLUSIVELY TO MALES - (SEX LINKED RECESSIVE TRAIT CARRIED ON X
CHROMOSOME, TRANSMITTED BY SYMPTOM-FREE
FM!)
A
hemophilia
9
Q
what are the 2 common types of hemophilia?
A
hemophilia B
hemophilia A
10
Q
- CAUSED BY A DEFICIENCY OF COAGULATION FACTOR VIII, OR
ANTIHEMOPHILIC GLOBULIN (AHG) - SEVERITY DEPENDENT ON LEVEL OF FACTOR VIII IN THE PLASMA
- AIM OF THERAPY IS TO INCREASE LEVEL OF FACTOR VIII TO
ENSURE CLOTTING - THIS IS CHECKED BY A BLOOD TEST CALL PARTIAL
THROMBOPLASTIN TIME (PTT)
A
hemophilia A
11
Q
what are the manifestations of hemophilia?
A
- CAN BE DIAGNOSED AT BIRTH BECAUSE FACTOR VIII CANNOT
CROSS THE PLACENTA AND BE TRANSFERRED TO THE FETUS - NORMAL BLOOD CLOTS IN 3 TO 6 MINUTES
- ANEMIA, LEUKOCYTOSIS, MODERATE INCREASE IN PLATELETS
MAY BE SEEN IN HEMORRHAGING; MAY ALSO BE SIGNS OF
SHOCK - SPONTANEOUS HEMATURIA IS SEEN
- DEATH CAN RESULT FROM EXCESSIVE BLEEDING, ESPECIALLY IF
IT OCCURS IN THE BRAIN OR NECK
12
Q
what are the circumstances that lead to hemophilia?
A
- A NOSEBLEED THAT WILL NOT STOP
- LOSS OF A DECIDUOUS TOOTH
- HEMATOMAS DEVELOP AT THE INJECTION
SITE OF AN IMMUNIZATION - HEMORRHAGE INTO THE JOINT CAVITY
(CONSIDERED A CLASSIC SYMPTOM) - A CLASSICAL SYMPTOM OF HEMOPHILIA IS
BLEEDING INTO THE JOINTS (HEMARTHROSIS)
13
Q
what is the treatment of hemophilia?
A
- IF FAMILY HISTORY EXISTS DO NOT DELAY PROCEDURES IN NEWBORN
INSTEAD USE THE SMALLEST NEEDLE AND APPLY PRESSURE FOR 10 MINS
AFTER - PRINCIPAL THERAPY- PREVENT BLEEDING BY REPLACING THE MISSING
FACTOR - RECOMBINANT ANTIHEMOPHILIC FACTOR
- DESMOPRESSIN ACETATE (DDAVP)
- PROPHYLACTIC CARE MUST BE PROVIDED BEFORE PLANNED INVASIVE
PROCEDURES - MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH
- DRUGS THAT CONTAIN SALICYLATES ARE CONTRAINDICATED FOR CHILDREN
WITH HEMOPHILIA
14
Q
- AN ACQUIRED PLATELET DISORDER (DECREASE IN THE
NUMBER OF PLATELETS) THAT OCCURS IN CHILDHOOD - MOST COMMON OF THE PURPURAS
- PLATELETS BECOME COATED WITH ANTIPLATELET ANTIBODY,
ARE SEEN AS “FOREIGN,” AND ARE EVENTUALLY DESTROYED
BY THE SPLEEN - ITP OCCURS IN ALL AGE-GROUPS, WITH MAIN INCIDENCE
BETWEEN 1 AND 4 YEARS OF AGE
A
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
15
Q
what are the manifestations of ITP?
A
- CLASSIC SYMPTOM IS EASY BRUISING
- PETECHIA- FLAT PINPOINT RED SPOTS
- ECCHYMOSIS- BRUISING
- HEMATURIA- BLOOD IN URINE
- GINGIVAL BLEEDING- BLEEDING GUMS
- NOSE BLEEDS
- SLOWED CLOTHING AND LOW PLATELETS
- RECENT HX OF VIRAL RESPIRATORY ILLNESS
- ANEMIA MAY BE PRESENT IF BLEEDING OCCURRED, BUT ALL OTHER BLOOD
COMPONENTS ARE NORMAL - IF WBCS PRESENT, DO BONE MARROW ASPIRATION TO RULE OUT LEUKEMIA
16
Q
what is the treatment of ITP?
A
- NEUROLOGICAL ASSESSMENTS ARE A PRIORITY
- TREATMENT IS NOT INDICATED IN MOST CASES- IF INDICATED,
PREDNISONE (1ST) , IV GAMMA GLOBULIN (2ND), AND ANTI-D ANTIBODY
ARE SOME OF THE TREATMENT OPTIONS - IN CASES OF CHRONIC ITP, A SPLENECTOMY MAY BE REQUIRED
DRUGS THAT INTERFERE WITH PLATELET FUNCTION SHOULD BE
AVOIDED, IE: ASA. - ACTIVITY IS LIMITED DURING ACUTE STATES TO AVOID BRUISING
- PLATELETS ARE USUALLY NOT GIVEN BECAUSE THEY ARE DESTROYED
BY THE DISEASE PROCESS
17
Q
what are the complications of ITP?
A
- BLEEDING FROM THE GI TRACT
- HEMARTHROSIS
- INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE
- PREVENTION MAY BE HELPED BY
- IMMUNIZING ALL CHILDREN AGAINST THE VIRAL DISEASES
OF CHILDHOOD
18
Q
- MOST COMMON FORM OF CHILDHOOD CANCER
- A GROUP OF MALIGNANT DISEASES OF THE BONE MARROW &
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM - RESULTS IN UNCONTROLLABLE GROWTH OF WBC
- IMMATURE WBC TAKE OVER AREAS IN BONE MARROW THAT ARE
RESPONSIBLE FOR PRODUCTION OF RBC WHICH RESULTS IN: - DEC. RBC PRODUCTION- ANEMIA
- DEC. PLATELET COUNT- BRUISING/BLEEDING
- BONE MARROW WEAKEN= PATHOLOGICAL FRACTURES
- WBC IMMATURE- INC RISK OF INFECTION
A
leukemia
19
Q
what are the types of leukemia?
A
acute lymphocytic leukemia
acute nonlymphocytic leukemia
acute myelocytic leukemia
20
Q
- REPEATED INFECTIONS
- LOW-GRADE FEVER
- PALLOR
- BRUISING TENDENCY
- LEG AND JOINT PAIN
- LISTLESSNESS
- ABDOMINAL PAIN
- ENLARGEMENT OF LYMPH NODES
A
early phase of leukemia
21
Q
- SKIN MAY HAVE A LEMON-YELLOW COLOR
- PETECHIAE AND PURPURA, ANOREXIA, VOMITING, WEIGHT LOSS, AND DYSPNEA ARE ALSO
COMMON - WBCS NOT FUNCTIONING NORMALLY, INCREASES RISK OF INFECTION (PATIENT WHO PRESENTS
WITH NEUTROPENIA IS AT RISK FOR INFECTION) - ULCERATIONS DEVELOP AROUND THE MUCOUS MEMBRANES OF THE MOUTH AND ANAL
REGIONAL - GUMS TEND TO BLEED
A
late (progressed) leukemia
22
Q
what are the 2 stages of leukemia?
A
early phase
late phase
23
Q
what is the diagnosis of leukemia?
A
- BASED ON HISTORY AND SYMPTOMS
- RESULTS OF EXTENSIVE BLOOD TESTS
- DEMONSTRATE PRESENCE OF LEUKEMIC BLAST CELLS IN THE BLOOD,
BONE MARROW, OR THEIR TISSUES - X-RAY FILMS OF THE LONG BONES SHOW CHANGES
- SPINAL TAP MAY BE DONE TO CHECK FOR CNS INVOLVEMENT
- KIDNEY AND LIVER FUNCTION STUDIES ARE DONE
- THE ADEQUACY OF THEIR FUNCTION IS ESSENTIAL TO THE OUTCOMES OF
CHEMOTHERAPY
24
Q
what is the treatment of leukemia?
A
- CHEMOTHERAPY
- BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT
- STEROIDS
25
what is the nursing care of the child with leukemia?
* ENCOURAGE THE CHILD TO VERBALIZE FEELINGS
* GIVE PERMISSION TO DISCUSS HIS/HER CONCERNS, WHICH WILL
HELP CLEAR UP MISCONCEPTIONS AND DECREASE FEELINGS OF
ISOLATION
* FREQUENTLY OBSERVE CHILD FOR INFECTION
* MONITOR VITAL SIGNS AND FOR SYMPTOMS OF
THROMBOCYTOPENIC BLEEDING (A COMMON COMPLICATION OF
LEUKEMIA)
* METICULOUS MOUTH AND SKIN CARE
Mat-Child Nursing
flashcards
Decks in class (21)
# Cards
-
Objective 1 NO20
-
Objective 280
-
objective 3 NO14
-
objective 463
-
objective 539
-
objective 644
-
objective 750
-
objective 89
-
objective 9 (1)30
-
objective 9 (2)30
-
objective 10.1 (1) NO27
-
objective 10.1 (2) NO22
-
objective 10.2 NO37
-
objective 10.352
-
objective 10.4 (1)29
-
objective 10.4 (2)7
-
objective 10.543
-
objective 10.626
-
objective 10.725
-
objective 10.835
-
objective 1313
