Pharmacology > Ocular > Flashcards

Ocular Flashcards

(99 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

Miosis (pupillary constriction) occurs via what muscle and what limb of the NS?

A

Pupillary sphinctor muslce of the iris via PNS (M3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mydriasis (pupillary dilation) occurs via what muscle and what limb of the NS?

A

Radial dilator muscle of the iris via SNS (alpha)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Accomodation occurs via what muscle and what limb of the NS?

A

Ciliary muscle via PNS (M3), specifically, the circular fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Secretion of aqueous humor occurs via what structure and what limb of the NS?

A

Ciliary body epithelium via SNS (beta)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In the eye, muscarinic receptors (PNS) are found where? What about nicotinic receptors (PNS) ?

A

Muscarinic: Ciliary body, Iris. Nicotinic: Extraocular muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In the eye, what is the major endogenous NT of the PNS? What is the major receptor? What does it do?

A

Ach. Muscarinic. Constrict pupil (pupillary sphinctor m. of the iris + circular fibers of the ciliary muscle), Place tension on trabecular meshwork (longitudinal fibers of ciliary muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ach class?

A

Direct muscarinic agonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pilocarpine class?

A

Direct muscarinic agonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Carbachol class?

A

Direct muscarinic agonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Methacholine class?

A

Direct muscarinic agonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Direct muscarinic agonists used in ocular treatment?

A

Acetylcholine, Pilocarpine, Carbachol, Methacholine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Major effects and uses of muscarinic agonists in the eye?

A

Pupillary constriction, Increased aqueous outflow. Used for cataract surgery and treatment of glaucoma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ach for?

A

Pupillary constriction – used in cataract surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pilocarpine for?

A

Pupillary constriction, increased aqueous outflow – tx of glaucoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Carbachol for?

A

Pupillary constriction, increased aqueous outflow – tx of glaucoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Side effects of direct muscarinic agonists?

A

Lacrimation, sweating, bronchospasm, salivation, N/V/D, abdominal pain, tenesmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Muscarinic antagonists used in ocular treatment?

A

Atropine, Scopolamine, Homatropine, Cyclopentolate, Tropicamide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Major effects and uses of muscarinic antagonists in the eye?

A

Pupillary dilation, Paralysis of ciliary body. Used for cycloplegia for eye exams and to improve comfort during active eye inflammation (for example, uveitis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Atropine class?

A

Antimuscarinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Scopolamine class?

A

Antimuscarinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Homatropine class?

A

Antimuscarinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cyclopenolate class?

A

Antimuscarinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Tropicamide class?

A

Antimuscarinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Atropine for?

A

Pupillary dilation, paralysis of ciliary body – Improve comfort during active eye inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Atropine timing?
VERY long acting: Maximal strength in 30-40 minutes, with recovery lasting 7-10 days
26
Scopolamine for?
Pupillary dilation, paralysis of ciliary body -- Improve comfort during active eye inflammation
27
Homatropine for?
Pupillary dilation, paralysis of ciliary body -- Cycloplegia for eye exams, Improve comfort during active eye inflammation
28
Cyclopentolate for?
Pupillary dilation, paralysis of ciliary body -- Cycloplegia for eye exams, Improve comfort during active eye inflammation
29
Tropicamide for?
Pupillary dilation, paralysis of ciliary body -- Most commonly used for eye exams
30
Tropicamide timing?
Maximal strength in 20-40 minutes, with recovery lasting less than 1/4 of a day
31
Edrophonium class?
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor: Indirect nicotinic agonist
32
Edrophonium for?
Differentiate myasthenia gravis from an acute acetyl choline crisis
33
Side effects of antimuscarinics?
Anhidrosis, urinary retention, ataxia, nystagmus, photophobia, mental confusion, hallucination, violent/aggressive behavior, insomnia
34
In the eye, what is the major endogenous NT of the SNS? What is the major receptor? What does it do?
NE. Alpha & Beta. Dilate pupil (radial dilator m. of the iris), Aqueous production (ciliary body epithelium), Increase outflow of aqueous (trabecular meshwork), lift eyelid (superior palpebral m.), dilate blood muscles (smooth muscle of ocular blood vessels)
35
Phenylephrine class?
Direct alpha1 agonist
36
Phenylephrine for?
Pupillary dilation -- eye exam, cataract surgery
37
Epinephrine class?
Direct adrenergic agonist
38
Epinephrine for?
Dilation of episcleral vessels -- Increased aqueous outflow
39
Dipvalyl class?
Direct adrenergic agonist (prodrug of epinephrine)
40
Dipvalyl for?
Glaucoma
41
Brimonidine tartrate class?
Direct alpha2 agonist
42
Brimonidine tartrate for?
Suppress aq humor production --Glaucoma
43
Apraclonidine class?
Direct alpha agonist
44
Apraclonidine for?
Glaucoma
45
Apraclonidine is useful why?
Does not cross BBB, minimal effects on BP
46
Clonidine class?
Direct alpha2 agonist
47
Clonidine for?
Lower intraocular pressure through CNS effects -- glaucoma
48
Hydroxyamphetamine class?
Indirect adrenergic agonist, release NE
49
Hydroxyamphetamine for?
Separates 1st/2nd from 3rd order neuron dysfunction in Horner's -- Positive dilation means 1st/2nd order (more ominous lesion)
50
Cocaine class?
Indirect adrenergic agonist, prevents NE reuptake
51
Cocaine for?
Use initially to confirm diagnosis of Horner's
52
Dapiprazole class?
Alpha antagonist
53
Dapiprazole for?
Blcok alpha-adrenergic receptors in smooth muscle of the eye, Reverse tropicamide & phenylephrine in particular
54
How do epinephrine compounds help glaucoma?
Increase aqueous outflow by dilating episcleral vessels
55
How do beta-blockers help glaucoma?
Reduce intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous production at the ciliary processes
56
How do parasympathomimetics help glaucoma? What are drugs used?
Lower intraocular pressure by contracting the ciliary muscles and contracting the trabecular meshwork. Used is pilocarpine, carbachol.
57
Echothiophate class?
Indirect muscarinic agonist, irreversible acetylcholine esterase inhibitor
58
Echothiophate for? Is it used still?
Glaucoma. Less used because of topical side effects.
59
Timolol class?
Beta-blocker
60
Timolol for?
Reduce intraocular pressure by reducing aq production at the ciliary process -- glaucoma
61
Levobunolol class?
Beta-blocker
62
Levobunolol for?
Reduce intraocular pressure by reducing aq production at the ciliary process -- glaucoma
63
Betaxolol class?
B1 blocker
64
Betaxolol for?
Reduce intraocular pressure by reducing aq production at the ciliary process -- glaucoma
65
Carbonic anydrase inhibitors? Which are oral and which are topical?
Acetazolamide, Ethoxzolamide, Methazolamide (oral); Dorzolamide, Brinzolamide (topical)
66
How do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors help glaucoma?
Interfere with active transport of Na through Na-K-ATPase in order to reduce aqueous production
67
Acetazolomide class?
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
68
Acetazolomide for?
Interfere with active transport of Na through Na-K-ATPase in order to reduce aqueous production -- Oral for glaucoma
69
Ethoxzolamide class?
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
70
Ethoxzolamide for?
Interfere with active transport of Na through Na-K-ATPase in order to reduce aqueous production -- Oral for glaucoma
71
Methazolamide class?
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
72
Methazolamide for?
Interfere with active transport of Na through Na-K-ATPase in order to reduce aqueous production -- Oral for glaucoma
73
Dorzolamide class?
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
74
Dorzolamide for?
Interfere with active transport of Na through Na-K-ATPase in order to reduce aqueous production -- Topical for glaucoma
75
Brinzolamide class?
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor?
76
Brinzoloamide for?
Interfere with active transport of Na through Na-K-ATPase in order to reduce aqueous production -- Topical for glaucoma
77
Side effects of topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?
Lid allergies, Red eyes
78
How do osmotic agents help with glaucoma?
Interfere with passive transportation of fluid in the ciliary body. Increase serum osmolarity, draw fluid fro the extravasc to intravasc space. Can only be used short term due to risk of heart failure.
79
Examples of osmotic agents? How are they administered?
Glycerol, sorbitol (oral), Mannitol, urea (IV)
80
How do prostaglandin analogs help with glaucoma?
Increase uveoscleral outflow (without any effect on aqueous flow or trabecular outflow facility)
81
Latanoprost class?
Prostaglandin analog
82
Travoprost class?
Prostaglandin analog?
83
Bimatoprost class?
Prostaglandin analog?
84
Unoprostone isopropyl class?
Prostaglandin analog?
85
Prostaglanding analogs?
Latanoprost, Travoprost, Bimatoprost, Unoprostone isopropyl
86
Latanoprost for?
Increase uveoscleral outflow -- Glaucoma
87
Latanoprost side effects?
Intraocular inflammation, eyelash growth, iris color change, exacerbate cystoid macular edema after cataract surgery, can activate herpes
88
Most commonly used prostaglandin analog?
Latanoprost
89
Travoprost mxn?
Increase uveoscleral outflow -- Glaucoma
90
Bimatoprost mxn?
Increase uveoscleral outflow -- Glaucoma
91
Unoprostone isopropyl mxn?
Increase uveoscleral outflow -- Glaucoma
92
Least effect overall of prostaglandin analogs?
Unoprostone isopropyl
93
All prostaglandin analogs can cause?
Eyelash growth, change in iris color
94
Nifedipine class?
Ca-channel blocker
95
Nifedipine for?
Increase ocular perfusion at nervehead -- Low-tension-glaucoma
96
What are the 4 first-line treatments for glaucoma? Say their class, frequency & contraindications.
Timolol (non-spec beta blocker; once/day; CHF, asthma, bradycardia, tachyphylazxis with time), Latanaprost (prostaglandin; once/day; cystoid macular edema, herpes, iris color change, eyelash growth, intraocular inflammation), Brimondine (alpha2 agonist, 3/day, use with MAOI cna cause fatigue/drowsiness & follicular conjunctivitis), Dorzolamide HCL (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, 3/day, allergies to sulfonamides)
97
How can you distinguish Horner's from non-Horner's and preganglionic from postganglionic? Give drug, abnormal response, normal response.
Cocaine 10%, fail to dilate, dilate (normal -- No Horner's). Paredrine 1%, dilate, dilate (so both dilate with a preganglionic lesion). Paredrine 1%, fail to dilate, dilate (so a failure to dilate with paredrine 1% indicates a postganglionic lesion).
98
How can you distinguish a tonic pupil? Give drug, abnormal response, normal response.
Pilocarpine 1/8%, constrict, no rxn (normal). Methacholine 2.5%, constrict, no rxn (normal).
99
How can you pick out a pharmacologic ocular problem (possible self-induced?
Pilocarpine 1%, no constriction, constriction (normal).
Pharmacology
flashcards
Decks in class (46)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions