OD2 > OD week1 > Flashcards

OD week1 Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Persistent Hyaloid System – What is it?

A

Embryonic remnant of the hyaloid artery that fails to regress during development, extending from optic disc to lens.

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2
Q

Persistent Hyaloid System – Hallmark sign?

A

Fibrous or vascular remnants seen in vitreous; may appear as Mittendorf’s dot or Bergmeister’s papilla.

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3
Q

Mittendorf’s Dot – What is it?

A

Remnant of the hyaloid artery seen as a small white opacity on the posterior surface of the lens.

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4
Q

Mittendorf’s Dot – Clinical significance?

A

Benign finding; does not affect vision.

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5
Q

Bergmeister’s Papillae – What is it?

A

Glial remnant of the hyaloid sheath at the optic disc, seen as a small tuft of tissue projecting into the vitreous.

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6
Q

Bergmeister’s Papillae – Hallmark sign?

A

Triangular tuft of tissue at optic disc; benign and stable.

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7
Q

Persistent Fetal Vasculature (PFV) – What is it?

A

Severe persistence of the hyaloid system and primary vitreous; fibrovascular tissue extends from optic disc to posterior lens surface.

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8
Q

PFV – Hallmark sign?

A

White pupil (leucocoria) with retrolental membrane and potential retinal detachment.

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9
Q

PFV – Management?

A

Referral to ophthalmologist; surgical intervention if retinal detachment present.

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10
Q

PFV – Systemic link?

A

None significant; primarily ocular anomaly.

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11
Q

Vitreous Cyst – What is it?

A

Congenital cyst in the vitreous cavity, either non-pigmented (remnant of hyaloid system) or pigmented (from ciliary body epithelium).

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12
Q

Vitreous Cyst – Symptoms?

A

Usually asymptomatic; may appear as a floater.

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13
Q

Vitreous Cyst – Management?

A

Observation only; no treatment required unless affecting vision.

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14
Q

Chorio-retinal Coloboma – What is it?

A

Defect from failure of inferior foetal fissure closure during development, causing absence of choroid and retina.

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15
Q

Chorio-retinal Coloboma – Hallmark sign?

A

White sharply demarcated lesion below optic disc with pigmented edges and vessels crossing defect.

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16
Q

Chorio-retinal Coloboma – Complications?

A

Retinal detachment (20% risk) and systemic or facial anomalies.

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17
Q

Medullated / Myelinated Nerve Fibres – What is it?

A

Congenital myelination of retinal nerve fibres anterior to the lamina cribrosa.

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18
Q

Medullated / Myelinated Nerve Fibres – Hallmark sign?

A

White/yellow feathery patches with striate edges near optic disc.

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19
Q

Medullated / Myelinated Nerve Fibres – Associations?

A

Can be associated with high myopia, amblyopia, or strabismus.

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20
Q

Medullated / Myelinated Nerve Fibres – Management?

A

Usually benign; routine review, visual fields if extensive.

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21
Q

Optic Nerve Head Coloboma – What is it?

A

Congenital malformation with excavation of inferior disc and large white optic disc appearance.

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22
Q

Optic Nerve Head Coloboma – Hallmark sign?

A

Large white optic disc with pink superior rim and spoke-like vessel pattern.

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23
Q

Optic Nerve Head Coloboma – Visual field defect?

A

Superior arcuate defect corresponding to inferior disc excavation.

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24
Q

Optic Nerve Head Coloboma – Systemic link?

A

Possible facial and intracranial anomalies such as Goldenhar syndrome.

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25
Morning Glory Disc Anomaly – What is it?
Large funnel-shaped excavation of optic disc with central glial tissue and radial vessels; variant of coloboma.
26
Morning Glory Disc Anomaly – Hallmark sign?
Enlarged disc with raised margins, central white glial tuft, and surrounding pigment ring.
27
Morning Glory Disc Anomaly – Complications?
High risk of retinal detachment; may be associated with craniofacial defects.
28
Morning Glory Disc Anomaly – Management?
Advise avoidance of contact sports and wear eye protection; regular retinal review.
29
Optic Disc Pit – What is it?
Congenital depression (pit) in the optic disc, often temporal, due to localised tissue malformation.
30
Optic Disc Pit – Hallmark sign?
Small pale yellowish or grey depression within the disc; may be associated with peripapillary atrophy.
31
Optic Disc Pit – Complications?
Serous detachment of macula causing metamorphopsia and vision loss in 30s–40s.
32
Optic Disc Pit – Management?
Close monitoring with Amsler grid; refer to retinal specialist if serous detachment occurs.
33
Optic Nerve Hypoplasia – What is it?
Underdevelopment of the optic nerve with small, pale disc (1/3–1/2 normal size).
34
Optic Nerve Hypoplasia – Hallmark sign?
Small disc surrounded by yellow-white zone ('double ring sign').
35
Optic Nerve Hypoplasia – Systemic link?
May be associated with septo-optic dysplasia, pituitary dysfunction, maternal diabetes or drug exposure.
36
Optic Nerve Hypoplasia – Management?
No treatment; referral for systemic assessment, monitor growth and vision.
37
Tilted Disc Syndrome – What is it?
Oblique insertion of optic nerve causing inferonasal tilt of disc.
38
Tilted Disc Syndrome – Hallmark sign?
Small oval 'D'-shaped disc tilted inferonasally with nasal ectasia and depigmentation.
39
Tilted Disc Syndrome – Associations?
Oblique myopic astigmatism; bilateral in 75%; may cause bitemporal VF defect not respecting midline.
40
Tilted Disc Syndrome – Management?
Baseline visual fields; usually stable, no treatment needed.
41
Megalopapilla – What is it?
Benign, non-progressive enlargement of optic disc larger than fellow eye.
42
Megalopapilla – Hallmark sign?
Optic disc larger than normal without glaucomatous cupping.
43
Megalopapilla – Management?
Diagnosis of exclusion; monitor for glaucoma signs but typically stable.
44
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) – What is it?
Retinal vascular disorder in premature infants due to abnormal vessel proliferation after incomplete vascularisation.
45
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) – Hallmark sign?
Demarcation line or ridge between vascularised and avascular retina (stage 1–2).
46
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) – Complications?
Fibrovascular proliferation, retinal folds, detachment, or retrolental mass.
47
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) – Management?
Regular screening in <31 weeks or <1250g babies; laser or anti-VEGF for severe cases.
48
Asteroid Hyalosis – What is it?
Degenerative vitreous condition with multiple small refractile yellow-white calcium-lipid deposits suspended in vitreous.
49
Asteroid Hyalosis – Hallmark sign?
Star-like white particles in vitreous that move with eye movement.
50
Asteroid Hyalosis – Systemic link?
Associated with diabetes (30%) and hypertension (60%).
51
Asteroid Hyalosis – Management?
Usually no treatment; vitrectomy only if obscuring retinal view.
52
Posterior Vitreous Detachment (PVD) – What is it?
Separation of posterior vitreous from retina due to age-related vitreous liquefaction and shrinkage.
53
PVD – Symptoms?
Floaters, flashes, ring-shaped Weiss ring if complete separation.
54
PVD – Complications?
Retinal tear or detachment (8–46% risk).
55
PVD – Management?
Dilated fundus exam; look for Shafer's sign; advise on retinal detachment warning signs.
56
Angioid Streaks – What is it?
Cracks in Bruch’s membrane appearing as dark red-brown streaks radiating from optic disc.
57
Angioid Streaks – Hallmark sign?
Linear streaks around disc with 'peau d’orange' fundus appearance.
58
Angioid Streaks – Systemic link?
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (most common), Paget’s, Ehlers-Danlos, Marfan, Sickle cell.
59
Angioid Streaks – Management?
Eye protection, regular retinal exams, Amsler grid monitoring; refer if neovascularisation.
60
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy (CSR / CSCR) – What is it?
Localised serous detachment of neurosensory retina at macula from choroidal fluid leakage.
61
CSR – Symptoms?
Mild central vision loss (6/9–6/12), metamorphopsia, hyperopic shift.
62
CSR – Risk factors?
Stress, corticosteroid use, pregnancy; common in men aged 30–50.
63
CSR – Management?
Usually self-limiting; avoid steroids; monitor 6-weekly; laser or PDT for persistent >3 months.
64
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment (RPED) – What is it?
Elevation of RPE due to sub-RPE fluid accumulation; may occur in CSR or AMD.
65
RPED – Hallmark sign?
Yellow/orange dome-like elevation of RPE on OCT with sub-RPE hypo-reflective space.
66
RPED – Management?
Treat underlying cause; CSR-like cases observed; CNV-related require anti-VEGF.
67
Cystoid Macular Oedema (CME) – What is it?
Fluid-filled cystic spaces in macula causing painless vision loss and metamorphopsia.
68
CME – Causes?
Diabetes, vein occlusion, uveitis, drugs (Gilenya, Taxane), post-cataract surgery.
69
CME – Hallmark sign?
Flower-petal pattern of cysts in fovea on OCT or fluorescein angiography.
70
CME – Management?
Topical/systemic steroids or NSAIDs; treat underlying cause; vitrectomy if chronic.
71
Epiretinal Membrane (ERM) – What is it?
Proliferation of glial tissue on inner retinal surface forming semi-translucent membrane.
72
ERM – Symptoms?
Blurred vision, metamorphopsia, or asymptomatic.
73
ERM – Hallmark sign?
Glistening or wrinkled macula; retinal folds and vessel tortuosity.
74
ERM – Management?
Monitor with Amsler; vitrectomy + membrane peel if vision ≤6/12 or grade ≥2.
75
Macular Hole – What is it?
Full-thickness defect of macula due to vitreomacular traction.
76
Macular Hole – Hallmark sign?
Circular red lesion with cuff of subretinal fluid; yellow deposits within hole.
77
Macular Hole – Symptoms?
Sudden central vision loss, metamorphopsia, or central scotoma.
78
Macular Hole – Management?
Refer for vitrectomy with gas tamponade; better prognosis if treated <6 months.
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