Odisha

Question 1

Key physical features of the coastine

Answer 1

Mahanadi RIver delta system, extensive tidal flats, Bhitarkanika mangrove complex, Chilika lake, coast is exposed to tropical cyclones that generate very large storm surges

Question 2

location + population

Answer 2

• bay of bengal
• population is around 46 million
• mostly rural population

Question 3

why is Odisha so vunreble

Answer 3

• warm sea temperatures - cyclone formation
• Much of coastal land <5m above sea level causing high flood risk, storm surges + vunreble to rising sea levels
• lack of management + hard engineering (especially before 1999)

Question 4

Opportunities for human occupation and development on Odishas coastline

Answer 4

• extensive esturies + shallow coastal waters allows for shrimp farming + fishing
• Paradip port - major deeps water port facilitating iron ore, coal and crude oil exports. improves connectivity
• beach tourism + eco tourism
• mangrove forest provides natural barrier from storm surges + creates habitats
• potential for wind and tidal energy

Question 5

Risks for human occupation and development on Odishas coast

Answer 5

• tropical storms + cyclones
• coastal erosion due to sediment imbalance from port development and groynes
• low lying areas at risk from sea level rise
• overfishing - undermines long term livelihood
• industrial pollution from port
• loss of mangroves from agriculture, settlements

Question 6

Shoreline change of odishas coast (% of acretion, erosion and coastal stability)

Answer 6

largely acrcreting (46.8%), with 36.8% eroding and 14.4% stable
- most accretion in north, focused on major deltas
- most erosion in the south, major structures protecting infastructure

Question 7

features of 1999 sypercyclone, odisha

Answer 7

• Wind speeds: ~260 km/h
• Storm surge: up to 7 metres
  ~10,000 deaths
• 15 million people affected

Question 8

cyclone Phalin 2013 (comparison)

Answer 8

• smilar intensity - windspeeds and storm surges
• however only 44 deaths,
• over 1 million evacuated

Question 9

overall aims of the ICZM

Answer 9

• protect and conserve coastal ecosystems
• manage coastal recources
• reduce vunrebility to natural hazards
• coordinate development planning

Question 10

coastal managment stratgies used by the ICZM

Answer 10

• Bhitarkanika mangrove restoration - strengthened buffer + improved biodiversity
• construction of multi purpose cyclone shelters + early warning systems
  shorline mapping - identify safe zones for new development
• geotubes (sand-filled bags) act as sea walls

Question 11

what is thre length of coastline that is protected by sea walls and rock aroumour

Answer 11

9.8km

Question 12

other elements of the ICZM (not including management stratgies)

Answer 12

• Chilika lake conservation - supported over 200k fisherman
• promotion of eco-tourism

Question 13

successes of the ICZM

Answer 13

• huge reduction of cyclone mortality
• thousands of hectares of mangroves restored
• Integration of natural + engineered approaches
• Increased community awareness

Question 14

limitations of ICZM in odisha

Answer 14

• some industrial zones + aquaculture continue to cause erosion, pollution
• lack of strong coordination from government
• Infrastructure damage still very costly
• Illegal shrimp farms

Question 15

different acts in odisha

Answer 15

• control of pollution act 1974 - control water pollution + restore water quality
• fishing regulation act 1982 - fishing is forbidden within 5km from the coast + boats larger than 15m are forbidden within 10km from coast
• wildlife protection act 1972 - illegal to hunt + harvest species

Question 16

how much of the coastline is made up of mangrove forest

Answer 16

260km