Offender Profling: Bottom Up

Question 1

Describe bottom up

Answer 1

1. Profile developed from systematic analysis of crime scene
2. ‘Data-driven’

Question 2

Describe how investigative psychology works

Answer 2

1. Establish patterns of behaviour that are likely to occur across crime scenes
2. This is used to develop a statistical database to be compared with details of crime scene to reveal details of offender. Also used to see if it’s one person doing multiple crimes

Question 3

Describe interpersonal coherence

Answer 3

1. The way an offender behaves at crime scene may reflect behaviour in every day life

Question 4

What are the other two key elements of investigative psychology

Answer 4

1. Significance in time and place

2. Forensic awareness (how good at covering up tracks)

Question 5

Describe geographical profiling

Answer 5

1. Infer where they live based on location of linked crime scenes (crime mapping)
2. Criminals will restrict their work to where they are familiar with so center of gravity can be determined
3. Either the marauder (close to home) or commuter (travels far)
4. Can reveal mode of transport, age

Question 6

Evidence for support of investigative psychology

Answer 6

1. Content analysis of 66 sexual assault cases
2. Computer programme identified several characteristics common in all cases
3. Gives in idea of patterns of behaviour and if 2 cases were done by 1 person
4. Supports usefulness of IP as shows how statistical tests can be applied

Question 7

Evidence support for geographical profiling

Answer 7

1. Info collected on 120 murder cases
2. Smallest space analysis reveals spatial consistency in location of sites
3. Centre of gravity was there their homes were
4. Most true for maraudas
5. Supports idea spatial information is key for determine location

Question 8

Scientific basis

Answer 8

1. More objective and scientific than top-down as more based on evidence and psychological theory than speculation
2. With aid of AI data can be used quickly to produce insight to aid investigation

Question 9

Wider application

Answer 9

Can be applied to all types of crime that top down cannot

Question 10

Mixed results of profiling

Answer 10

1. Surveyed 48 police forces
2. 83% of time was useful
3. But only 3% of time led to offender

Question 11

A01 for bottom up

Answer 11

1. Investigative psychology
   a) interpersonal coherence
   b) other two variables
2. Geographical profiling
   a) maraud and commute

Question 12

A03

Answer 12

1. Content always is found consistent characteristics
2. 120 murder cases analysed to show centre of gravity
3. Scientific basis grounded in evdixne
4. Can be applied to all types of crime
5. Mixed results