Operational Procedures

Question 1

What is the formula for the speed at which you will hydroplane for a stationary, and non stationary tyre

Answer 1

Stationary:
V = 7.7 √tyre pressure in psi

Non-Stationary:
V = 9 √tyre pressure in psi

Question 2

What minimum time must seperate departing aircraft in the case of a Light/Medium behind Heavy and Light behind Medium

Answer 2

Minimum seperation of 2 minutes (same part of rwy) / 3minutes (intermediate part of rwy) when:
Using the same runway
Parallel runways within 760m/2500ft
Crossing/Parallel(760m or further) runways if flight paths cross at the same altitude or within 1000ft below

Question 3

What distance and time between landing is required for:
1. Light behind Medium
2. Light behind Heavy
3. Medium behind Heavy
4. Heavy behind Heavy

Answer 3

1. 5nm / 3 min
2. 6nm / 3 min
3. 5nm / 2 min
4. 4nm / none

Question 4

What do the following runway conditions entail:
Dry
Damp
Wet
Contaminated
Icy

Answer 4

Dry
No visible moisture
Surface appears dry

Damp
Slight moisture
No standing water
No significant reduction in braking

Wet
Water film ≤ 3 mm
Surface shiny or reflective
Reduced braking action

Contaminated
More than 25% of runway length affected by:
Standing water > 3 mm
Slush
Snow
Ice
Compacted snow

Icy
Ice covering runway
Braking action poor to nil

Question 5

When is hydroplaning likely and what are the correct procedures for an approach and landing if a hydroplaning risk exists

Answer 5

When hydroplaning is likely:
Standing water
High groundspeed
Smooth runway
Worn tyres

Correct landing procedure:
Firm(positive) touchdown (don’t float)
Touch down in landing zone
Avoid heavy braking initially
Use aerodynamic braking
Delay nosewheel lowering if appropriate
Use reverse thrust on touchdown

Question 6

What do the following smoke patterns indicate about wind/weather:
Drifting smoothly
Staggered / Turbulent
Capped / Flattened
Vertical rising

Answer 6

Drifting smoothly
Steady wind

Staggered / turbulent
Wind shear
Mechanical turbulence

Capped / flattened
Temperature inversion

Vertical rising
Calm or very light wind

Question 7

During an approach, how does an aircraft’s performance and flight path respond to an increasing or decreasing headwind or tailwind

Answer 7

Increasing headwind
IAS increases
Aircraft floats above glidepath
Risk of overshoot

Decreasing headwind
IAS decreases
Aircraft sinks below glidepath
High risk on short final

Increasing tailwind
IAS decreases rapidly
Severe sink risk
Aircraft sinks below glidepath

Decreasing tailwind
IAS increases
Aircraft floats above glidepath

Question 8

What are the different types of hydroplaning and when do they occur

Answer 8

Dynamic hydroplaning
Caused by a water wedge building under the tyre
Occurs at higher speeds with standing water
Tyre pressure and speed dependent

Viscous hydroplaning
Occurs on smooth surfaces with a thin water film
Can happen at low speeds
Rubber cannot break surface tension

Reverted rubber hydroplaning
Locked wheel creates steam layer
Often after heavy braking or during rejected takeoff
Leaves black rubber marks

Question 9

What are the two stages of aircraft anti/de-icing and what occurs during each

Answer 9

De-icing:
Removal of existing ice, snow, or frost
Usually hot fluid (Type I)

Anti-icing:
Prevention of further accumulation
Cold fluid with longer holdover time (Type II/III/IV)

Question 10

What is the lowest transition altitude if none is available within a 25nm radius of the departure aerodrome

Answer 10

2000ft

Question 11

When below 1500ft, what is the aircrafts vertical position expressed as

Answer 11

Altitudes and Heights

Question 12

What are the minimum recency requirements to conduct an instrument approach as PIC or SIC

Answer 12

At least 2 approaches in an aircraft/approved FSTD with reference to flight instruments only

Question 13

What is GLS

Answer 13

A precision approach and landing system that uses GNSS, augmented by a Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS), as the primary navigation aid

Question 14

When being radar vectored for an ILS approach in IMC, after descending below MSA, comms with ATC are lost, what should the initial action be

Answer 14

Immediately start a climb to MSA