MS: NCM 112 > P1.1: RESPIRATORY: INTRO-COPD > Flashcards

P1.1: RESPIRATORY: INTRO-COPD Flashcards

(42 cards)

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1
Q

Main Functions of Respiratory System

A
  1. Respiration
  2. Regulation of Blood PH
  3. Voice Production
  4. Olfaction
  5. Innate Immunity

1:2 RATIO

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2
Q

A term referring to the ability of the lungs to expand in response to inhalation

A

Luncg Compliance

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2
Q

System that is primary responsible in replenishing oxygen supply in the body as well as in excreting carbon dioxide to the atmosphere through the process of respiration

A

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

This system is generally divided into two tracts:
* Upper Respiratory Airways/Tracts
* Lower Respiratory Airways/Tracts

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2
Q

It is the intrinsic characteristic of the lungs to deflate

A

Elastic Recoil

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3
Q

Refers to the entire process of air flow between the human body and the atmosphere

A

Ventilation

  • Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
  • Alveolar ventilation

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3
Q

What are the different receptors in concern to lung compliance

A
  1. Stetch Receptors
  2. Chemoreceptors
  3. Mechanoreceptors
  4. Osmoreceptors
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3
Q

What reflex is when once it reaches max expansion, it stops

It sends signal in medulla via venous nerces

A

Hering Breuer Reflex

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3
Q

Obstructive Diseases affecting the Lower Airways

A
  1. COPD
  2. Bronchial Asthma
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4
Q

Inflammatory Disorders

A
  • Pharyngitis
  • Laryngitis
  • Sinusitis
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4
Q

WHAT IS THIS TRACT COMPOSED OF

Lower Respiratory Airways/Tracts

A
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
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5
Q

Ventilation

Refers to the actual flow of gases into and out of the respiratory tract

A

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

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5
Q

WHAT IS THIS TRACT COMPOSED OF

Upper Respiratory Airways/Tracts

A
  • Nose and sinuses
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
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6
Q
  • During inspiration, the diaphragm and accessory muscles enlarge the thoracic cavity, creating WHAT KIND OF PRESSURE within the chest.
  • Air is drawn into the lungs because the intrathoracic pressure (pressure of air within the chest) is (LESS THAN/MORE THAN) the atmospheric pressure (pressure of air in the environment).
A
  • Negative Pressure
  • Less Than
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6
Q

Control of Ventilation

The control of respiration involves higher functions from various structures:

A
  1. MEDULLA OBLONGATA
  2. PONS
  3. CEREBRAL CORTEX
  4. CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS
  5. PERIPHERAL CHEMORECEPTORS
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6
Q

Ventilation

Refers to the exchange of gases across the alveolar membrane between the respiratory and circulatory tracts

A

Alveolar ventilation

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7
Q

Controlled by the movement of the chest cavity, the compliance of the lungs and the surface tension within the alveoli

A

Pulmonary Ventilation

A single cycle of ventilation consists of inhalation (inspiration) followed by exhalation (expiration)

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7
Q
  • Refers to the ease with which the lungs are inflated
  • Ability of the lungs to expand in response to inhalation
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A

Lung Compliance

8
Q

The force required to expand the lungs to a particular volume is referred to as WHAT

9
Q

Control of Ventilation

Responsible in the regulation of the rate and rhythm of respiration

9
Q

Control of Ventilation

Responsible in the unconscious control of respiration

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A

MEDULLA OBLONGATA

10
Q

Control of Ventilation

Structure responsible in the conscious control of respiration but can be overridden by the medulla oblongata

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A

CEREBRAL CORTEX

11
Q

Control of Ventilation

  • These are chemoreceptors that are located in the carotid bodies and aortic arch and are very sensitive to changes in oxygen levels
  • May assume the primary chemorecptor’s responsibility in the event that the central chemoreceptors fail
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A

PERIPHERAL CHEMORECEPTORS

11
Q

Control of Ventilation

  • These are chemoreceptors that are located near the medulla and are very sensitive to changes in carbon dioxide levels
  • These are the primary chemoreceptors that regulate ventilation
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A

CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS

FOUND IN BLOOD VESSELS

12
Q

Explain the process of VENTILATION

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A
  • Carbon dioxide readily crosses the blood brain barrier
    ↓
  • CO2 combines with water in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
    ↓
  • the combination of CO2 and H2O results to the formation of carbonic acid which decreases the pH of the CSF
    ↓
  • in the event that there is an increase in the number of CO2 that crosses the BBB, the pH of the CSH gradually decreases
    ↓
  • This decrease in the pH of the CSF is detected by the central chemoreceptors
    ↓
  • The central chemoreceptors then send signal to the medulla hence respiration occurs

Significance: For normal individuals, high carbon dioxide is the main stimulus for breathing

13
Some of the common pre-sensations of certain respiratory disorders:
* Cough * Sputum production * Nasal secretions * Dyspnea * Wheezing * Pain
14
* It refers to the protective mechanism for clearing the airways * Can also be defined as the reflexive to irritating stimuli in the tracheobronchial tree or the larynx
Cough ## Footnote **Can be described according to onset as:** * **Acute**- sudden, short in duration * **Chronic**- gradual in onset and longer in duration * **Paroxysmal**- periodic forceful episodes that are difficult to control
14
# **Determine the grade using the DYSPNEA SCALE** Too breathless to leave the house or breathless when dressing
4 | **DEGREE:** VERY SEVERE
14
# **TYPE OF PAIN:** Pain caused by **inflammation of the pleural membranes**, is usually catching in nature and produced by movement of the thoracic cage; commonly unilateral and brought on by deep inspiration
Pleuritic pain
14
What/Who produces sputum
Sputum is produced by the **goblet cells** as well as the **submucosal glands** ## Footnote **Normal sputum is clear, thin and averages 100mL/day**
14
Sputum is described in terms of:
1. Color 2. Consistency 3. Amount
14
# **Determine the grade using the DYSPNEA SCALE** Troubled with shortness of breath when hurrying on level of ground or walking up slight hill
1 | **DEGREE:** SLIGHT
14
* A term used to describe the symptom of breathlessness and is a common presentation of respiratory problems * A subjective symptom and varies from person to person * Patients do not usually come in complaining of dyspnea but may describe it in a variety of ways
Dyspnea ## Footnote **May be described as: “difficulty catching my breath” or “I can’t seem to get enough air”**
14
# **TYPE OF PAIN:** Occurs at the **connection of the ribs and the cartilage** and can be elicited with pressure on the area
Costochondral pain
14
# **TYPE OF PAIN:** Transient in nature and worse during coughing
Intercostal pain
14
# Sputum is described in terms of: **Color** Creamy Yellow/Rusty = **???** Pink & Frothy = **???** Green = **???** | What causes them to produce such color?
**Creamy Yellow/Rusty** = Staphylococal Pneumonia **Pink & Frothy**= Pulmonary Edema **Green** = Pseudomonal Pneumonia
14
Sound produced when airways are constricted by **swelling**, secretions or bronchoconstriction and where exhalation requires effort | Airways are decreased/bronchoconstricted
Wheezing
14
# **Determine the grade using the DYSPNEA SCALE** Walks slower than people of same age because of breathlessness or has to stop for breath when walking at pace on level ground
2 | **DEGREE:** MODERATE
14
# **Determine the grade using the DYSPNEA SCALE** Not troubled with breathlessness except with strenuous exercise
0 | **DEGREE:** NONE
14
A condition characterized by increased A-P diameter, giving the chest a rounded appearance with the sternum pulled out
Barrel Chest
14
# **Determine the grade using the DYSPNEA SCALE** Stops for breath after walking approximately 100 yards after a few minutes on level ground
3 | **DEGREE:** SEVERE
14
Congenital depression of the sternum that decreases the A-P diameter
Funnel Chest (Pectus Excavatum)
14
A deformity of the chest wall in which the breastbone and ribs are pushed outward
Pigeon Chest (Pectus Carinatum)
MS: NCM 112
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