P2.1. Data Presentation

Question 1

Types of Data Presentation:

Answer 1

1. Textual presentation
2. Tabular presentation
3. Graphical presentation

Question 2

display clearly, effectively, and summarizes quantities of information.

Answer 2

DATA PRESENTATION

Question 3

• describing data by the use of statements with few numbers
• presented in paragraphs or sentences
• explain results and trends, and provide contextual information

stress or emphasize significant information

Answer 3

Textual Presentation

Question 4

• gives emphasis to significant data
• use for few data

Answer 4

Textual Presentation

Question 5

• data becomes incomprehensive when large quantitative data are included in paragraph
• paragraph involving many figures can be tiresome to most readers when same words are repeated many times

Answer 5

Textual Presentation

Question 6

• data are converted into words or numbers in rows and columns
• data should never be put in a table if it can be described in 1-2 sentences

Answer 6

Tabular Presentation

Question 7

Consideration in table construction:

Answer 7

• simplicity
• clarity
• directness

Question 8

• data checking and editing
• summarizing and presenting data
• basis, aid in graph or chart construction

Answer 8

Tabular Presentation

Question 9

7 Components of Tabular Presentation:

Answer 9

Table number
Title
Row Headings/Stubs
Column Headings/Captions
Body of the Table
Source Note
Footnote

Question 10

• self-explanatory
• all sources are specified
• headings are specific and understandable
• row & columns are checked for accuracy
• cells are not left blank; enter “0” or “-“
• exclusive & exhaustive categories

Answer 10

Tabular Presentation

Question 11

2 types of tabular presentation:

Answer 11

1. Master Table
2. Dummy Table

Question 12

• single table which allows the distribution of observations across many variables of interest in a given study
• each observation is cross classified across the variables which may be quantitative or qualitative data
• allow the smaller generation of smaller tables

• store information with an aim of presenting detailed statistical data
• facilitate generation and tabulation of smaller table

Answer 12

Master Table

Question 13

• complete except for body
• give preview of what table outputs may be expected from the study

• help researcher clarify instrument
• help protocol reviewer & computer programmer

Answer 13

Dummy Table

Question 14

3 types of tables by number of variables presented:
- tables with only one variable
- tables with two variables
- tables with three or more variables

Answer 14

• One-way table
• Two-way table
• Multi-way table

Question 15

• easy to understand
  * compact and concise than textual form
• presents greater detail of data than graph
• readily points out trends, comparisons and interrelations
• facilitates analysis of categories of given variable

Answer 15

Tabular Presentation

Question 16

• too many rows and columns could make it difficult for the reader to understand the data
• requires more time to construct

Answer 16

Tabular Presentation

Question 17

• Pictorial representations of certain quantities(frequency) plotted with reference to a set of axes(x – horizontal; y – vertical)
• graphs simplify complex information by using images and emphasizing data patterns or trends
• useful for summarizing, explaining, or exploring quantitative data
• present both large and small amounts of data

Answer 17

Graphical presentation

Question 18

1. few data (< 3)
2. small amount of data (= or > 3)
3. small and large data (< or = or > 3)

Answer 18

1. textual
2. table
3. graphical

Question 19

• visually summarize the variables (data set is large)
• emphasize particular statement about data set
• enhance readability
• appeal the visual memory

Answer 19

Graphical presentation

Question 20

• include, below the figure, a title providing all relevant information
• be referred to as figures in the text
• identify figure axes by the variables under analysis
• quote the source which provided the data, if required
• demonstrate the scale being used
• be self-explanatory

Answer 20

Graphical presentation

Question 21

Types of Graphical presentation:

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Answer 21

• pie chart
• bar graph
• component bar graph
• line graph
• histogram
• frequency polygon
• stem-and-leaf plot
• box plot
• scatter plot

Question 22

• circles subdivided into a number of slices
• area of each slice represents the relative proportion data points falling into given category
• use to show how a whole is divided into its component parts which could be breakdowns of groups or totals

Answer 22

Pie chart

Question 23

• bars of the same sizes
• height & length = quantities of variables
• Horizontal or vertical with gaps between to emphasize discontinuities
• Also known as ONE DIMENSIONAL DIAGRAM
• height of bars/rectangles: quantity of variables

Answer 23

BAR GRAPH

Question 24

2 types of Bar Graph:
1. w/ only one variable
2. w/ two or more variable

Answer 24

1. simple bar graph
2. multiple bar graph

Question 25

- **Height of bars** should be **proportional to the frequencies or rates of categories** - **Width of bars** should be **equal** - **Percentages & rates** must be **used when total number of observations** for the groups are **not uniform** - When **percentages** are used, the ***sum of the heights of all the bars must be equal to 100%*** - To make them more appealing, bars are either **colored or shaded in different ways**

Answer 25

BAR GRAPH

Question 26

1. used for **qualitative variables** 2. used for **discrete quantitative variables**

Answer 26

1. horizontal bar graph 2. vertical bar graph

Question 27

- bar is divided into smaller rectangles - smaller rectangle is proportional to the relative contribution of the component of the whole - used for **NOMINAL DATA** - different shades or colors emphasize **differences between parts of the whole** - Preferable over the pie in situations where the compositions of two or more groups are to be compared

Answer 27

Component bar graph

Question 28

* **Plot of dots joined with lines** over some period of time in **sequential series** * **TIME SERIES CHARTS** * Horizontal axis: ? * Vertical axis: ?

Answer 28

Line Graph - hori = time series - verti = variable values ## Footnote Scale: **frequency and percentage** are used if the **measure is distribution.** rate is also a measure, you can also use other like proportion, mean, median, etc. but frequency and distribution are mostly used.

Question 29

- depict **number or relative frequencies of data points falling into the given class** - bars are drawn over the **true limits of the classes, no gaps exist in between** - preferred for **grouped interval data** ## Footnote 1. horizontal axis: ? 2. vertical axis: ?

Answer 29

HISTOGRAM ## Footnote 1. continuous quantitative 2. number of relative frequencies

Question 30

similar to histogram except that: * **frequencies** are plotted against the **corresponding midpoints of the classes** * **adjacent points** are joined with lines and the plot is tied down to the horizontal axis resulting in **multi-sided polygon**

Answer 30

Frequency polygon

Question 31

- for **small set of data** - rank ordered lists - easier to restore the original value of the observation - **lines gives more information than bars in histogram** - show the **actual data value** instead of using bars to represent the height of an interval

Answer 31

Stem-and-leaf plot

Question 32

- shows **description of a large quantitative data** - can be presented **horizontal or vertical** - **height of rectangle** is **arbitrary and has no specific meaning** - **comparing the distributions of several variables** or the distribution of a **single variable in several groups on the same scale**

Answer 32

Box plot

Question 33

* shows the **relationship between two quantitative variables** * gives rough estimate of the **type and degree of correlation between the variables**

Answer 33

Scatter plot

Question 34

* main feature & implications of the body of data **can be grasped at a glance** * **more attractive & appealing** to a wider range of readers * **simplifies concepts** that would otherwise have been expressed in so many words * **shows trends & patterns** of a large set of data *** comparisons could be made more striking** * can be **readily clarify data**

Answer 34

Graphical presentation

Question 35

* cannot show as many **sets of facts** * can only show **approximate values** * **require more time to construct** * may be used to **misinterpret results**

Answer 35

Graphical presentation