PAG 1: Microscopy
Observe prepared slides of cells using a light microscope.
Calibrate the eyepiece graticule with a stage micrometer.
Estimate cell sizes using the calibrated graticule.
PAG 2: Root Tip Squash (Mitosis)
Soften root tips in acid (e.g., HCl).
Stain with acetic orcein (or another DNA stain).
Squash the tissue onto a slide and observe stages of mitosis under the microscope.
PAG 3: Membrane Permeability
Cut beetroot cylinders of equal size.
Place in varying temperatures or ethanol concentrations.
Use a colorimeter to measure pigment leakage.
PAG 4: Enzyme Activity
Mix enzyme and substrate in controlled conditions.
Use buffer solutions to maintain pH.
Measure reaction rate (e.g., gas produced or colour change) at different temperatures or pH.
PAG 5: Effect of Temperature/Ethanol on Membranes
Place beetroot pieces in different water bath temperatures or ethanol concentrations.
Leave for a fixed time.
Measure colour intensity using a colorimeter.
PAG 7: Respiration (Respirometer)
Set up respirometers with living organisms (e.g., seeds or maggots).
Use soda lime to absorb CO₂ and measure oxygen uptake.
Record volume change over time to calculate respiration rate.
PAG 6: Antimicrobial Substances
Spread bacterial culture evenly on an agar plate.
Place paper discs soaked in various antimicrobial agents.
Incubate and measure diameters of zones of inhibition.
PAG 8: Photosynthesis (DCPIP)
Use isolated chloroplasts and DCPIP.
Measure time taken for DCPIP to decolourise under light and dark conditions.
Use a colorimeter to quantify the rate of reduction (photosynthesis).
PAG 9: Genetic Crosses
Cross individuals with known genotypes (e.g., Drosophila).
Count offspring phenotypes.
Use a chi-squared test to compare observed and expected ratios.
PAG 10: Environmental Effects on Plant Growth
Grow identical plants in varying conditions (e.g., light, water, nutrients).
Measure growth parameters like height, biomass, leaf number.
Ensure control of other variables and use replicates.
