Paper 1 Memory Flashcards

Question

Interference?

Answer 1

Suggests forgetting is due to disruption of memory - retrospective is when a new memory interferes with an old one - proactive is when an old memory interferes with a new one affected by time sensitivity and similarity (response competition) PORN (ProOldRetNew)

Answer 2

+ RS in RWS: Who? Baddeley and Hitch 1977 What? asked rugby players to recall who they played against in the season and those who played most had poorest recall. so? reflects how inteference acts within everyday situations, increasing validity - CP: Interference is unusual in everyday situations as necessary conditions are rare. so? forgetting may be better explained via other theories (cues)

Answer 3

Who? McGeoch and McDonald 1931 What? effects of similarity How? Ps learn a list to 100% accuracy and are then given a new lst to learn. this varied in similarity to old list + control group with no new list. split into 6 groups with diff lists (e.g. 3 digit numbers, same/opposite meanings) so? worst performance of recall seen with same meanings list so greatest interference Eva? + supports proactive interference with findings - use of artificial stimuli

Answer 4

This is when there is a lack of cues that help retrieval of information, leading to limited access to memories. this has a meaningful link to memory material.

Answer 5

Who? tulving What? cues help retreival is present at both encoding and retreival. so? if different cues are present, forgetting will occur

Answer 6

recall depends on an external cue

Answer 7

recall depends on an internal cue

Answer 8

Who? Godden and Baddeley 1975 What? to see how context affects forgetting How? Deep-sea divers learnt new materials on land or underwater and recalled on either (4 conditions) so? worst performance of recall in different contexts Eva? - artificial stimuli + RWA as people normally go into a new room forgetting what they wanted. gives us strategies for recall - replicated findings with recognition instead of recall show no difference so limited explanation

Answer 9

Who? Carter and Cassaday 1998 How? Ps learnt word list on drugs or stable and recalled on either (4 conditions) so? worst performance of recall in different state Eva? - artificial stimuli so had to say reflects everyday forgetting

Answer 10

- leads to a response bias explanation whereby they imply a particular answer that is given - leads to a substitution bias explanation whereby the wording of question interferes with the memory, distorting accuracy.

Answer 11

Who? Loftus and palmer 1974 What? to see the effect of changing a verb in a leading question How? 45 Ps were instructed to watch a film on car accidents and answered questions about speed. (e.g. About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other?) hit verb was changed with 4 different verbs such as smashed So? the verb smashed produced the highest mean speed of 40.5mph than the others Eva? + RWA in criminal justice system. police officers should be careful in phrasing of questions. psychologists can be used to explain limits of EWT to juries. therefore improvements to the legal system and prevention of faulty convictions. + Use of quantitative data (mean speed) details an objective repeatable study increasing validity - lab study so demand characteristics may of been at play.

Answer 12

- memory contamination whereby co-witnesses discuss and mix misinformation to others from their own memories - memory conformity whereby social desirability is in effect and witnesses go along with each other to win social approval.

Answer 13

Who? Gabbert et al 2003 What? to show the effect of post-event discussion on EWT How? Paired Ps watched a video of the same crime (unique each crime). then both Ps discussed what was seen then completed recall test immediately. So? 71% of Ps wrongly recalled aspects of event. within the CG there was no discussion and errors. Eva? + Supports hypothesis as shows how a blend of information can lead to memory being distorted through contamination - no evidence to support memory conformity. so limited explanation as memory itself is distorted through contamination not a result of MC. - Lab study so demand characteristics may of been at play

Answer 14

Who? Yullie and Cutshall 1986 What? to show how anxiety can have a positve effect on EWT How? 13/21 witnesses involved in a crime scene where a theif was shot in a gun shop were interviewed for 4-5 months. the information was recalled in these and compared to police interviews. their stress levels were also self-assesed from the incident so? witnesses with high level of stress also had high levels of recall accuracy about 88% so anxiety may acc enhance EWT Eva? + RS shows how direct victims (witnesses) from bank robberies had higher levels of recall accuracy than bystanders. - CP: lack of control over confounding variables such as post-event discussion may acc be responsible for (in)accuracy of recall. + high ecological validity and mundane realism

Answer 15

Who? Johnson and Scott 1976 What? to show how anxiety can have a negative affect on EWT How? 2 conditions where naive Ps placed in waiting room believing they were taking part in lab study. 1st- low anxiety whereby a man walks out with greasy pen 2nd- high anxiety whereby there is a heated arguement (glass breaks) and man walks out with knife covered in blood. So? when asked to pick man from set of photos, 49% compared to 33% in high anxiety condition were able to correctly identify him. weapon focus is result of anxiety and distracts the Ps. (tunnel theory) Eva? - may be measuring surprise instead of anxiety meaning no relavence to weapon focus. as it is unusual to see gun within those conditions so limits validity as no specific effect of anxiety is shown. - use of deception (ethics)

Answer 16

relationship between arousal and performance is shaped like an inverted u. this could be used to explain how high and low levels of arousal produce poor recall and a point of optimum can produce good recall - this only focuses on physical anxiety and doesnt account for cognitive elements. so too simplistic

Answer 17

who? Fisher and Geiselman what? established 4 techniques to improve EWT based on psychological insights 1. report everything 2. reinstate the context 3. reverse the order 4. change the perspective

Answer 18

report all details even if they seem irrelavent to trigger more memories

Answer 19

mentally return back to the scene and describe physical environment and emotional state. external and internal cues may trigger memories

Answer 20

switch the chronological order to backwards/middle to start. this challenges schema and expectations to prevent dishonesty.

Answer 21

recreate the scene from a witnesse's or perpetrator's perspective. this allows for a holistic view and prevents schema on recall minimising bias

Answer 22

Who? Fisher et al 1987 what? also includes focus on social dynamics like eye contact and open ended questions to minimise anxiety

Answer 23

+ meta analysis who? kohnken et al what? 42 studies and 2000 interviews comparing standard and cognitive interviews so? 41% more accurate in CI showing effectiveness - some elements of CI such as 1. and 2. combined are more useful in recall accuracy. who? Milne and Bull so? decreases credibility - time consuming (establish rapport) and requires specialist training so? not realistic to use whole of CI but some elements

Paper 1 Memory Flashcards

(47 cards)