Aggression: Neural mechanisms?
S- Charles Whitman
S- Raleigh et al (1991)- monkey diets
W- Determinist- legal system
S- Gospic et al (2011)- provocation and fMRI scans
Aggression: Hormonal mechanisms?
S- Negative correlation- progestrone
S- Dabbs- measured salivary testosterone violent vs non violent criminals
U- Dual hypothesis- cortisol levels have to be low
S- Castration- reduces testosterone and aggression
Aggression: Genetic factors?
S- Mertins et al (2011)- money decision game
S & U-Caspi et al - studied children- had to be have low levels of MAOA and been maltreated
W- Research only on those convicted of violent crimes
W- Research methods in twin & adoption studies
Aggression: Ethological explanations
S- Brunner et al. - suggests innate basis
U- Nisbett- North-south divide in homicide rates
U- Goodall (2010) Chimpanzees- systematic slaughtering
S- Hoebel (1967) song duels among Eskimos
Aggression: Evolutionary explanations?
S- Daly and Wilson (1988) higher status for murders
RWA- Indicators of potential violence
U- Human are cruel- Rwandan genocide 1994.
W- hard because evolutionary past, can only see correlations.
Aggression: SLT?
S- Bandura et a(1961) Bobo doll study.
W- Bobo doll study methodology- not real person
S- !Kung San do not encourage aggression
U- Underestimates influence of biological factors
Aggression: Deindividuation theory
S- Johnson and Downing- KKK vs nurse, KKK were more aggressive, nurses more compassionate
S- Zimbardo’s study- hooded partipants gave shocks twice as long
S- Watson- tribal warriors- 12/15 changed appearance agressive vs 1/8 did not change appearance
RWA- Aggressive behaviour online and cyberbullying
Schziophrenia: Reliability and validity: Symptom overlap?
Not issue- Seprer et al (1991)- co-morbid patients- cocaine abuse & schziophrenia and then schziophrenia, cocaine abuse - possible to accurate diagnose
Issue- Ketter (2005) effects of misdiagnosis
Schziophrenia: Reliability and validity: Co-morbidity?
Issue- Buckely- Pateints with schiz, 50% also have a diagnosis of depression, 47% substance abuse, 29% PTSD and 23% OCD
Schziophrenia: Reliability and validity: Culture bias?
Issue- Escobar (2012) - Over interpret the symptoms of black people
Issue- Copeland (1971)- 69% of US psychiatrists diagnosed a patient with schiz and only 2% of British psychiatrists diagnosed the same patient
Schziophrenia: Reliability and validity: Gender bias?
Issue- Loring and Powell (1988)- when patient described as male 56% gave a diagnosis of schiz, when described as female or no reference to gender only 20% gave diagnosis of schiz
Schizophrenia: Biological explanations?
S- Lead to succesful drug treatments
S- Evidence for genetic vunerability to schiz
U- Noll (2009)- drugs do not alleviate negative symptoms in 1/3 of people
W- MZ twins have a more simialr enviornment
Schziophrenia: Drug treatments?
St- Enhance quality of life
U- Healy (2012) only studied short term effects, not long term
W- Cost-benefit analysis would be negative
S- Leucht et al (2012) 64% of placebo relapsed compared to 27% who remained on the drug
Schziophrenia: Token economies?
W- Uncontrolled, no control group
S- Dickerson et al. (2005) 11/13 had benefical effects from using token economies
W- Not a cure, just for management of symptoms
W- Ethical issues, power over patients behaviour.
Relationships: Sexual selection?
S- Singh - waist to hip ratio- 0.7
S- Waynforth and Dunbar- lonley hearts adverts
S- Clarke and Hatfield- no females agreed, 75% of men did immediately.
W- Change overtime in partner preferences- not resource orientated for women as they can work.
Relationships: Physical attractiveness theories: Physical attractiveness?
S- Palmer & Peterson (2012)- attractive people voted more politically competent
U- Touhey (1979)- Sexist people were more liekly to be influenced by attractiveness of the person when judging likeability.
Relationships: Physical attractiveness theories: Matching hypothesis?
S- Berscheid et al (1971)- found people choose to dance with partners who matched them in physcial attractiveness
U- Taylor et al (2011) found people go for people more attractive than them on dating websites
Relationships: Self-disclosures theory?
S- Sprecher and Hendrick (2004)- people that disclosed more often were more satisfied and committed in their relationship.
RWA- could improve relationships
W- Most research is correlational, no cause and effect
U- Breadth and depth leading to more satisfaction is not true of all cultures
Relationships: Duck’s model?
RWA- Useful in suggesting ways to reverse realtionship breakdown
WS- Inaccurate recall of breakdown
W- Based on relationships in Western cultures
W- Doesn’t explain why relationships breakdown
Issues and debates: Free will?
S- Internal locus of control- tend to be more mentally healthy
W- Had activity in motor areas of brain before conscious awareness of the decision
Issues and debated: Determinism?
S- Consistent with view of science
W- Incompatible with our notions of legal reponsibility
Issues and debates: Cultural bias ?
Why it exists- assumed familiarity with aims and objectives of scientific enquiry- leads to demand characteristics
Less of an issue today- more interconnectedness
How we can challenge it- cross-culture research, and 1 member of the research team being from the population being studies
Some universality- facial expression and features of attachment (imitation & interactional synchrony)
