Which species are used for most quality wine production?
Vitis Vinisfera
where and when is the earliest evidence of winemaking found?
Georgia in 6000 B.C.
What rootstock is used in around 90% of vineyards today?
American rootstock
Where is early evidence of wine consumption found?
Ancient Egypt
Who spread wine culture across the Mediterranean?
Greeks and Phoenicians
What did the Romans contribute to winemaking?
Standardized viticulture, introduced ageing concepts, and barrels
Who preserved winemaking knowledge during the Middle Ages?
Monasteries
What major event happened in the 19th century?
Phylloxera destroyed European vineyards
What saved European vineyards from phylloxera?
American rootstocks
On which continent is wine not produced today?
Antarctica
Who discovered the biological nature of fermentation?
Louis Pasteur
What did Pasteur prove about fermentation?
Living yeast converts sugar into alcohol and CO2
What happens with excessive oxygen exposure?
Bacteria grow and wine turns sour
Which spoils faster: half-filled or full container?
Half-filled container
Largest vineyard surface countries?
Spain, France, China, Italy
Largest wine-producing countries?
Italy, France, Spain, USA
Largest wine-consuming countries?
USA, France, Italy, Germany
Four key factors of wine production?
Climate, grape variety, soil & viticulture
What is terroir?
Interaction between climate, soil, location, and grape variety
What does rootstock influence?
Pest resistance and adaptation to soil
Difference between climate and weather?
Climate is long-term; weather is yearly variation
Cool climate average temperature?
Less or 16.5°C
Moderate climate temperature?
16.5–18.5°C
Warm climate temperature?
18.5–21°C
