1
Q
- Transmineralization increases the process of:
a) metabolic acidosis
b) metabolic alkalosis
c) respiratory acidosis
d) respiratory alklalosis
e) .. depressive psychosis
f) a+d
A
Metabolic alkalosis
2
Q
- For the hyperosmolar hyperhidratation is typical:
a) it develops in patients with diabetes mellitus
b) development of the great thirst
c) increasing of MCHC
d) decreasing of the relative density of urine
e) a+d
f) b+d
A
b+d
3
Q
- For the hyperosmolar hyperhydratation is typical:
a) development of the symptoms of increased intracranial pressure
b) increasing MCHC and MCV
c) relative decreasing of the total content of proteins in plasma
d) the task of treatment-decrease of cellular edema
e) a+b+d
f) b+c
A
Increasing MCHC and MCV
4
Q
- “water poisoning” is the:
a) hyperosmolar hyperhydratation
b) hypoosmolar hyperhydratation
c) isoosmolar hyperhidratation
d) hyperosmolar hypohidratation
e) hypoosmolar hypohidratation
f) isoosmolar hypohydratation
A
Hypoosmolar hyperhydratation
5
Q
- For the “water poisoning” is typical:
a) it is the isoosmolar hyperhydratation
b) increasing MCV and MCHC ????????????
c) it is most common type of hyperhydratations
d) development of the symptoms of increased intracranial pressure
e) a+b
f) c+d
A
Increasing MCV and MCHC
6
Q
- For the hypoosmolar hyperhydratation is typical :
a) increased amount of the IC water
b) increased amount of the EC water
c) decreasing of the concentration of Hb in an erythrocyte
d) a+b+c
e) a+c
f) b+c???
A
B+c
7
Q
- For the hypoosmolar hyperhydratation are typical:
a) hyponatriaemia
b) decreasing of the relative density of urine
c) thirst
d) symptoms of increased intracranial pressure
e) a+b+d ?????
f) b+c+d
A
a+b+d
8
Q
- All are typical for isoosmolar hyperhydratation, except:
a) Pathological accumulation of fluid in the tissue
b) membranogenous hypoonkia
c) difficulties in returning of lymph
d) increasing of osmotic pressure in tissue
e) normal MCV and increased MCHC
f) increasing of hydrostatic pressure in blood vessel
A
Increasing osmotic pressure in tissue
9
Q
- Main accumulation of fluid during formation of edema takes place in the:
a) interstitial space
b) intracellular space
c) intravascular space
d) lymphatical system
e) a+b+c+d
f) c+d
A
Interstitial space
10
Q
- All are important mechanisms of pathogenesis of edema except:
a) increase of hydrostatic pressure in veins
b) decrease of hydrostatic pressure in tissues
c) primary hyperaldosteronismus
d) membranogenous hypoonkia
e) dynamic insufficiency of the lymphatic system
f) increasing of vascular permeability
A
C
11
Q
- Central limb of pathogenesis of cardial edema is:
a) insufficiency of the left heart
b) insufficiency of the right heart
c) circulatory hypoxia
d) secondary hyperaldosteronismus
e) congestion of the lympha
f) gastric ulcer
A
A
12
Q
- Important role in the development of lung edema is:
a) circulatory hypoxia
b) dynamic insufficiency of the lymphatic system
c) low hydrostatic pressure of the lung tissue
d) a+b+c
e) a+c ??
f) b+c
A
B
13
Q
- The lowest content of blood proteins has the patient with:
a) cardial edema
b) nephritic edema
c) nephrotic syndrome
d) hepatic edema
e) lung edema
f) allergic edema
A
C
14
Q
- Central limb of pathogenesis of the liver edema is:
a) membranogenous hypoonkia
b) dynamic insufficiency of the lymphatic system
c) disturbed intrahepatical blood flow
d) arterial hypovolemia
e) not mentioned above
f) b+d ??
A
B+D
15
Q
- Hypoproteinemiac edema develops in case of:
a) deficiency of proteins
b) starvation
c) after burns
d) malignant tumors
e) a+b+c+d
f) a+c+d
A
A+B+C+D
16
Q
- Hyponatriemia develops in patients with:
a) severe diarrhea
b) disturbances of reabsorption in kidneys
c) hyperalodsteronismus
d) profuse sweating
e) a+b+c
f) a+b+d
A
A+B+D
17
Q
- Hypernatriaemia and hypochloremia develops in patients with:
a) cardiovascular insufficiency
b) hypoaldosteronismus
c) profuse sweating
d) gl.suprarenalis insufficiency
e) a+c+d
f) not in any case ?????
A
A+C+D
18
Q
- Critical consequences of hyperkaliemia can be:
a) ventricular fibrillation
b) atrium fibrillation
c) disturbances of the cardiac rhythm
d) pulmonary edema
e) atonia and meteorism
f) d+e
A
Disturbances of the cardiac rhythm
19
Q
- Main intracellular electrolytes are:
a) sodium + chlorine
b) sodium, calcium and chlorine
c) sodium and phosphates
d) potassium and chlorine
e) potassium, calcium and chlorine
f) potassium and phosphates
A
Potassium and phosphates
20
Q
- Hypernatriaemia develops in:
a) patients with cardiovascular insufficiency
b) patients with gl.suprarenalis insufficiency
c) due to deficiency of water
d) a+b+c
e) a+c
f) b+c
A
b+c
21
Q
- Important increase of plasma osmolality can be caused by:
a) hypernatriaemia ???
b) hyperglucemia
c) hyperkaliemia
d) a+b+c
e) a+b
f) a+c
A
a+b+c
22
Q
- Hypo-/hyperhydrations are divided into: isoosmolal, hyperosmolal and hypoosmolal, taking into consideration osmolality of:
a) intracellular space
b) extracellular space
c) interstitial space
d) intravascular space
e) a+b+c
f) a+b+d
A
b
23
Q
- The reason of main clinical symptoms of isoosmolar hypohydration is:
a) hypovolemia
b) isovolemia Teo variante: meint nur hypovolemia?
c) formation of “third space”
d) loss of lymph and digestive fluids
e) b+c
f) b+d
A
c
24
Q
- Reasons of isoosmolar hypohydration are:
a) deficiency of water intake
b) loss of digestive fluids
c) loss of blood and lymph
d) formation of “third space”
e) a+b+c
f) c+d
A
d
25
41. All are causes of hyperosmolar hypohydration except:
a) prolonged surgical operations
b) loss of blood
c) diabetes mellitus
d) diabetes insipidus
e) hyperventilation
f) decrease of thirst sense
b
26
42. All are symptoms of increased intracranial pressure, except:
a) headache and vertigo
b) disturbances of speech
c) nausea and vomiting
d) tachycardia and tachypnoe
e) maniacal irritation
f) convulsions
d
27
43. Urine filtration in kidney increases due to:
a) increasing of hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries
b) decreasing of the oncotic pressure of blood
c) decreasing of intrarenal blood flow
d) disturbances of permeability of glomerular membrane for water
e) a+b
g) b+c+d
a+b
28
44. Urine filtration in kidneys decreases in all cases except:
a) decreasing of hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries
b) decreasing of the oncotic pressure of blood
c) increasing of hydrostatic pressure in kidney’s capsula
d) decreasing of the intrarenal blood flow,
e) disturbances of permeability of glomerular membrane
h) decreasing of the number of functioning nephrons
b
29
45. Due to disturbances of the glycosis reabsorption develops:
a) diabetes innocens
b) diabetes insipidus
c) diabetes mellitus
d) hyperglycemic glucosuria
e) mixed glucosuria
f) not mentioned above
d
30
46. For compulsory polyuria is typical:
a) increasing of diuresis
b) isosthenuria and polyuria
c) hyposthenuria and polyuria
d) hypersthenuria and oliguria
e) polyuria caused by intake of beer in big amounts
e
31
47. Isostenuria means that concentration ability of kidney is:
a) not changed
b) increased
c) different
d) middle
e) decreased
f) disappeared
a
32
48. Nephrotic syndrome – it is proteinuria more than:
a) 1,0 g
b) 2,0 g
c) 2,5 g
d) 3,0 g
e) 3,5 g
f) 5,5 g of protein during 24 h period
e
33
49. Normal component of urine can be the:
a) hyaline casts
b) epithelial casts
c) wax casts
d) granular casts
e) lipoid casts
f) all answers are wrong
a
34
50. For all kinds of shock is typical, except:
a) increase of the membranes permeability
b) hypoxia of organs and tissue
c) development of acidosis
d) increase of the thermoproduction
e) development of oliguria or anuria
f) development of DIC syndrome
a
35
1. Anions of the strong acids are excreted in form of;
a. sodium salts
b. potassium salts
c. ammonium salts
d. phosphates
e. buffer bases
f. all answers are wrong
c
36
2. Central limb of the pathogenesis of respiratory acidosis is:
a. hyperventilation
b. insufficiency of external ventilation
c. hyperthermia
d. increased production of organic acids
e. disturbances of the excretion of acid products
f. massive loss of gastric juice
b
37
3. Primary changes in the respiratory acidosis:
a. decrease of pH
b. decrease of pCO2
c. increase of pCO2
d. decrease of SB
e. increase of SB
f. decrease of BE
c
38
4. Respiratory alkalosis can develop:
a. the patient with insufficiency of the external ventilation
b. during the general anasthesia
c. due to massive loss of gastric juice
d. during running
e. a+b+c
f. b+d
b+d
39
5. About the action of compensatory mechanisms in respiratory alkalosis testifies:
a. decrease of pCO2
b. increase of pCO2
c. decrease of SB
d. increase of SB
c
40
6. Metabolic acidosis can be caused by:
a. hypoxia,
b. fever,
c. long term aspiration of gastric juice
d. asthma bronchiale
e. a+b
f. c+d
e
41
```
7. Last change in the metabolic acidosis is:
A .decrease of SB
b. increase of SB
c. decrease of PCO2
d. increase of pCO2
e. decrease of pH
f. increase of pH
```
e
42
8. Plasma potassium level are regulated by
a. kidneys
b. transcellular shift between IFC and ECF compartment
c. liver
d. a+b+c
e. a+b
e
43
9. Cause of metabolic alkalosis can be:
a. Long term aspiration of gastric juice
b. General athresia
c. hypoxia
d. fever
e .insufficiency of external ventilation
f. diabetes mellitus
a
44
10. The fluid moves from IC space to EC space in the case of:
a. hyperosmolar hyperhydratation
b. hypoosmolar hyperhidratation
c. osmolar hyperhidration
d. hypohidrstion
e. a + c
f. b + c
a
45
11. Hypochloremia can be caused by all except:
a. metabolic acidosis
b. hyponatremia
c. diuretics
d. streoid modification
a
46
12. For the hyperosmolar hyperdydration are typical
a. is developed in patients with diabetes mellitus
b. development of the great thirst
c. increasing of MCHC
d. decreasing of the relative density of urine
e. a+d
f. b +c
f
47
13. For the hyperosmolar hyperhydration is typical:
a. development of the symptoms of increased intra… pressure
b. Increeasing MCHC and MCV,
c. relative decreasing of the total content of proteins in plasma
d. the task of treatment – decrease of cellular edema,
e. a+b+d
f. b+c
c
48
14. Water poisoning is the:
a. hyperosmolar hyperhydratation
b. hypoosmolar hyperhydratation
c. isoosmolar hypohydratation
d. hyperosmolar hypohydratation
e. hypoosmolar hypohydratation
f. isoosmolar hypohydratation
b
49
15. For the hypoosmolar hyperhydratation are typical
a. increased amount of the IC water
b. increased amount of the EC water
c. > MCHC,
d. a+b+c
e. a+c
f. b+c.
d
50
16. All are typical for isoosmolar hyperhydratation
a. pathological accumulation of fluid in the tissue
b. membranogenous hypoonkia
c. difficulties in returning of lymph
d. increasing of osmotic pressure in tissue
e. normal MCV and increased MCHC,
f. increasing of hydrostatic pressure in blood vessels
e
51
17. Main accumulation of fluid during formation of edema takes place in the;
a. interstitial space
b. intracellular space
c. intravascular space
d. lymphatical system,
e. a+b+c+d
f. c+d
a
52
18. Central limb of the pathogenesis of cardial edema is:
a. insufficiency of the left heart,
b. insufficiency of the right heart
c. circulatory hypoxia
d. secondary hyperaldosteronismus
e. congestion of the lympha
f. gastric ulcer
b
53
19. Hypoproteinemic edema develops in case of:
a. deficiency of proteins
b. starvation
c. after burns
d. malignant tumors
e. a+b+c+d
f. a+c+d
a+b+c+d
54
20. Critical consequencees of hyperkaliemia can be:
a. ventricular fibrillation
b. atrium fibrillation
c. disturbances of cardiac rhythm
d. pulmonary edema
e. atonia and meteorism
f. d+e
a
55
21. Main intracellular electrolytes are:
a. sodium and chlorine
b. sodium, calcium and chlorine
c. sodium and phosphates
d. potassium and chlorine
e. potassium, calcium and chlorine
f. potassium and phosphates
f
56
22. Important increase of plasma osmolality can be caused by:
a. hypernatriaemia
b. hyperglucemia
c. hyperkaliemia
d. a+b+c
e. a+b
f. a+c
e
57
23. Hypo-/ hyperhydrations are divided into isoosmolal, hyperosmolal and hypoosmolal, taking into consideration osmolality of:
a. intracellular space
b. extracellular space
c. interstitial space
d. intravascular space
e. a+b+c
f. a+b+d
b
58
24. The reason of main clinical symptoms of isoosmolar hypohydratation is:
a. hypovolemia
b. isovolemia
c. formation of ”third space”
d. ions of lymph and digestive fluids
e. b+c
f. b+d
a
59
25. Reason of isoosmolar hypohydratation are:
a. deficiency of water intake
b. loss of digestive fluids
c. loss of blood and lymph
d. formation of ”third space”
e. a+b+c
f. c+d
f
60
26. All are causes of hyperosmolar hypohydratation except:
a. prolonged surgical operations
b. loss of blood
c. diabetes mellitus
d. diabetes insipidus
e. hyperventilation
f. decrease of thirst sense
b
61
27. Like normal components of the urine can be:
a. hyaline casts,
b. epithelial casts
c. wax casts
d. granular casts
e. lipoid casts
f. all answers are wrong
a
62
28. Filtration process in the kidneys depends from:
a. blood hypdostatic pressure in the glomerulus
b. capsular hydrostatic pressure
c. blood oncotic pressure
d. a+b+c
e. a+b
f. b+c
D
63
29. Glomerular filtration rate is volume of glomerular filtrate per:
a. L/secunde
b. L/minute
c. L/hour
d ml/secunde
e. ml/minute
f. ml/hour
E
64
30. Creatine –all are correct, except:
a. product of creatine metabolism in muscles.
b. filterated in the kidneys
c. no reabsorbed in tubular system
d. secreted in the proximal part of the tubular system
D
65
31. For GFR calculation, laboratories must know patients,
a. age
b. sex
c. weight
d. height
e. a+b+c+d
f. a+b+c
g. a+b
F
66
32. Hypoplasia of the kidneys:
a. abnormality in the differentiation of kidney structure
b. alteration of kidney position
c. not develop normal kidney size
d. a+b+c
e. a+b
f. b+c
C
67
33. All are correct for nephronephritis, except:
a. medullary cystic disease complex
b. presence of viable number of cysts
c. chronic tubular athropy
d. enlargement of the kidneys
e. progressive tubular atrophy
D
68
34. Inherited cystic kidneys diseases can be:
a. AD
b. AR
c. sporadic
d. a+b+c
e. a+b
f. b+c
E
69
35. The main mechanism of glomerular injury are all except:
a. immune
b. hemodynamic
c. metabolic
d. mechanical
e. toxic
f. hereditary
D
70
36. Types of glomerular diseases are all except:
a. acute tubular necrosis
b. nephritic syndrome
c. nephrotic syndrome
d. isolated hematonuria
e. asymptomatic proteinuria
f. hyperlipidemia
A
71
37. All are typical for nephrotic syndrome, except,
a. odema
b. protenuria,
c. lipiduria
d. hypoproteinemia
e. hyperalbuminemia
f. hyperlipidemia
E
72
38. Secondary nephrotic syndrome –all except:
a. diabetic nephropathy
b. systemic disordes
c. lipoid nephrosis
d. infection
e. toxic
f. amyloidosis of the kidney
C
73
39. The clinical symptoms of distal renal tubular acidosis are all, except,
a. hypoalbuminemia
b. hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis
c. alkaline urine
d. nephrolithiasis
A
74
40. For the third type of renal tubular acidosis are typical:
a. aldosterone deficiency
b. aldosterone resistance
c. Na+ reabsorption
d. elimination of H+/K (concentration down)
e. a+b+c+d
f. a+b+c
g. a+b
E
75
41. Acute tubular acidosis lead for:
a. acute glomerulonephritis
b. chronic kidney disease
c. acute renal failure
d. chronic kidney failure
C
76
42. Proximal renal tubular acidosis
a. < reabsorption of HCO3
b. > loses of HCO3 with the urine
c. > secretion of H+
d. > acidity of the urine
e. a+b+c+d
f. a+b+c
g. a+b
G
77
43. Acute internal nephritis represented by:
a. infections of upper part of the urinary tract
b. hematogenous infection
c. infection of lower part of urinary tract
d. a+b+c
e. a+b
E
78
44. The main mechanisms, how drugs can damage kidneys, are:
| a.
E
Pathological physiology
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