part 3

Question 1

Deep Currents

Answer 1

vertical ocean currents caused by density differences, dependent on temperature

Question 2

Antarctic Bottom Water

Answer 2

coldest, densest water in the ocean, found near Antarctica

Question 3

Arctic Deep Water

Answer 3

second coldest, flows above Antarctic Bottom Water

Question 4

Ocean Waves

Answer 4

propagating disturbances, often driven by wind

Question 5

Transverse Wave

Answer 5

wave where the disturbance direction is perpendicular to the propagation direction

Question 6

Longitudinal Wave

Answer 6

wave where the disturbance direction is parallel to the propagation direction

Question 7

Surface Wave

Answer 7

wave with circular motion, typical on water surfaces

Question 8

Wavelength

Answer 8

distance between two crests or troughs of a wave

Question 9

Frequency

Answer 9

number of wave cycles per second, measured in hertz (Hz)

Question 10

Amplitude

Answer 10

energy of a wave; distance from the center to the crest or trough

Question 11

Constructive Interference

Answer 11

when two waves meet and combine, increasing amplitude

Question 12

Destructive Interference

Answer 12

when two waves meet and cancel each other, reducing amplitude

Question 13

Mixed Interference

Answer 13

combination of constructive and destructive interference between waves

Question 14

Dispersive Waves

Answer 14

waves where energy travels at different speeds, causing wave packets to spread

Question 15

Non-Dispersive Waves

Answer 15

waves where energy and wave crests travel at the same speed, maintaining shape

Question 16

Diffraction

Answer 16

bending of waves around obstacles

Question 17

Wind Fetch

Answer 17

distance over which wind blows to generate waves

Question 18

Whitecaps

Answer 18

waves with breaking crests that form foam due to wind

Question 19

Monster Waves (Rogue Waves)

Answer 19

sudden, large waves caused by constructive interference of multiple wave systems

Question 20

Shoaling

Answer 20

process of wave transformation as they move from deep to shallow water

Question 21

Spilling Breakers

Answer 21

gradual, small waves common on the east coast of the U.S.

Question 22

Plunging Breakers

Answer 22

moderate breaking waves with a steeper slope

Question 23

Surging Surf

Answer 23

powerful surf resulting from abrupt shoaling, common on the west coast

Question 24

Prevailing Westerlies

Answer 24

dominant winds in North America that blow from west to east

Question 25

Tsunami

Answer 25

large, long-wavelength waves caused by submarine disturbances like earthquakes

Question 26

Flood Tide

Answer 26

term for high tide

Question 27

Ebb Tide

Answer 27

term for low tide

Question 28

Spring Tides

Answer 28

tides with the highest tidal range, occurring during new and full moons

Question 29

Neap Tides

Answer 29

tides with the smallest tidal range, occurring during the first and third quarters of the moon

Question 30

Tidal Range

Answer 30

difference in height between high (flood) and low (ebb) tides

Question 31

Semidiurnal Tidal Pattern

Answer 31

two equal high and low tides each day

Question 32

Diurnal Tidal Pattern

Answer 32

one high and one low tide each day

Question 33

Tidal Bore

Answer 33

wave created by tides that moves up a river, common in Bay of Fundy, Canada

Question 34

Bay of Fundy

Answer 34

region in Canada known for the largest tidal range in the world

Question 35

Geosphere

Answer 35

earth's solid layer, affected by gravitational pull of the sun and moon

Question 36

Terrestrial Landscape Environments

Answer 36

land environments including forests, mountains, and deserts

Question 37

Marine Landscape Environments

Answer 37

ocean and sea environments

Question 38

Transitional Landscape Environments

Answer 38

coastal areas where land and ocean meet

Question 39

Coast

Answer 39

area of the continent directly affected by the ocean

Question 40

Shore

Answer 40

precise area where land meets ocean

Question 41

Hydrologic Cycle

Answer 41

cycle describing the movement of water between ocean, land, and atmosphere

Question 42

Evaporation

Answer 42

process where water changes from liquid to vapor

Question 43

Condensation

Answer 43

process where water vapor cools and changes to liquid

Question 44

Precipitation

Answer 44

process where condensed water falls to earth as rain, snow, sleet, or hail

Question 45

Runoff

Answer 45

water flow that moves from land to bodies of water

Question 46

Infiltration

Answer 46

process where water soaks into the ground

Question 47

Water Table

Answer 47

upper boundary of groundwater saturation

Question 48

Aquifer

Answer 48

underground layer of water-bearing rock or sediment

Question 49

Spring

Answer 49

water flow from the ground due to groundwater pressure

Question 50

Artesian Well

Answer 50

well in which water flows naturally to the surface due to pressure

Question 51

Desalination

Answer 51

process of removing salt from seawater to produce freshwater

Question 52

Thermohaline Circulation

Answer 52

global ocean circulation driven by temperature and salinity differences

Question 53

Upwelling

Answer 53

upward movement of deep, nutrient-rich water to the surface

Question 54

Downwelling

Answer 54

downward movement of surface water to deeper layers

Question 55

Photic Zone

Answer 55

ocean layer where sunlight can penetrate and support photosynthesis(MOST SUNLIGHT)

Question 56

Twilight Zone

Answer 56

another term for the disphotic zone, where light begins to diminish

Question 57

Benthic Zone

Answer 57

ocean floor environment, home to organisms adapted to low light

Question 58

Thermocline Layer

Answer 58

layer of water with a rapid temperature gradient

Question 59

Sea Breeze

Answer 59

daytime wind from sea to land caused by temperature differences

Question 60

Land Breeze

Answer 60

nighttime wind from land to sea as land cools faster than the sea

Question 61

El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

Answer 61

climate pattern causing variations in ocean and atmospheric conditions

Question 62

Q: Ship bounces sound into the ocean and microphone picks up echo 4 seconds later. How deep is the ocean floor?

Answer 62

A: 2 miles (2 seconds down and 2 seconds up)

Question 63

Q: Is changing the salt content the only way to change the salinity of a solution?

Answer 63

A: no, adding or removing water changes salinity

Question 64

Q: Which of the following could possibly cause a tsunami?

Answer 64

A: All of the above (submarine landslide, volcanic eruption, earthquake)

Question 65

Q: Which of the following is most likely to cause a tsunami?

Answer 65

A: Submarine dip-slip earthquake