part1 Flashcards by Grace a

Geology

the study of the earth’s geosphere

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Geosphere

the solid part of the earth

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Mineralogy

the study of minerals

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Minerals

any naturally occurring solid, inorganic object with a definite chemical structure

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Color

least reliable way to identify a mineral

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Streak

the color of a mineral in its powder form is more reliable

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Luster

how good or bad the mineral reflects light

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Transparent

transmits very well (see through)

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Opacity

cannot transmit at all (no light)

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Translucency

kind of transmitted kind of not

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Hardness

is resistance to scratching/rubbing WITHOUT breaking

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Mohs Scale

runs from 1-10 with the low # being less hard and the high # being more hard

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Tale- pulverize with bare hands (baby powder)

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Diamond

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How do you test the hardness of a mineral?

scratch minerals together to see which one is harder

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Tenacity

resistance to breaking/deforming

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Cleavage

the crystal geometry when broken

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is qualified by…..

the orientation of the cleavage planes

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Habit

the crystal geometry of a mineral if it forms WITHOUT confinement

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most of the time the habit is ____ realized because most minerals are _______________

NOT ; confined

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density =

mass / volume

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every mineral has its own _________

density

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to determine _________ place mineral in ________ to measure

density; liquid (always water)

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if it sinks…..

more dense

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if it floats.....

less dense

Specific Gravity

density compared with the density of water

Magnetic Properties

if it attracts to metal (fridge magnet)

Chemical Reactivity

fizzing = chemical reaction

MOST COMMON MINERAL

silicates

minerals based on silicon oxygen have a

tetrahedral geometry

vast majority of minerals are made of

silicon

Sulfates

a mineral group based on sulfur oxygen

Carbonates

a mineral group based on carbon oxygen

Oxides

a mineral group based on metals bonding with oxygen (Iron [red color], Aluminum, Copper [green color])

Halides

a mineral group bonding with halogens (Chlorine, Fluorine, Bromine, Iodine, and Astatine)

Native Elements

a mineral group based off of metals (Pure Iron/Gold)

Petrology

the study of rocks

Rock

any naturally occurring inorganic, solid that is a mixture/aggregate of minerals

a rock does ______ have a definite chemical structure

NOT

Petros =

Peter = rock

Petrography

the study of the classification of rocks

Petrogenesis

the study of how rocks form

Igneous Rock

molten rock crystallizes into a solid rock

Extrusive/Volcanic

molten rock that came out of the earth, cools off and then crystallizes

Intrusive/Plutonic

molten rock that stays in the earth, cools off and then crystallizes

Texture

records the cooling history of the rock

Coarse Grained

Phaneritic

Fine Grained

Aphanitic

Extremely Coarse Grained

Pegmatitic

Extremely Fine Grained

Glassy

Quenched

when molten rock meets water

Extrusive =

Aphanitic & Glassy

Intrusive =

Phaneritic & Pegmatitic

Porphyritic

BOTH coarse & fine grained

Mafic

hottest - more dense - darkest

Felsic

coolest - less dense - lightest

Intermediate

intermediate everything

Extrusive/Intrusive examples of mafic rock

Basalt/Gabbro

Extrusive/Intrusive examples of intermediate rock

Andesite/Diorite

Extrusive/Intrusive examples of felsic rock

Rhyolite/Granite

Sedimentary Rock

forms from lithification of sediment

Lithify

to become a rock

Classification Based on Weathering Agents: Detrital/Clastic

by physical forces

Chemical

chemical reactions

Biogenic

formed from lifeforms

Mafic magma crystallizes into which rock?

-gabbro

Mafic lava crystallizes into which rock?

Basalt

Felsic magma crystallizes into which kind of rock?

Granite

Felsic lava crystallizes into in which kind of rock?

Rhyolite

Intermediate magma crystallizes into which kind of rock?

Diorite

Intermediate lava crystallizes into which kind of rock?

Andesite

Continents are made of which kind of rock?

felsic rock

felsic magma under the continents

mafic lava at bottom of ocean

mafic magma at

felsic lava at

Texture

size of the sediment

Wentworth Scale: Gravels

roughest to touch

Wentworth Scale: Sand (sandstone)

2nd roughest to touch

Wentworth Scale: Silt

(Siltstone)

Wentworth Scale: Clay/Mud

(Shale)

Shape of Sediment

distance of erosion

Angular=

(very short erosion)

Subangular=

(short erosion)

Subrounded

(long erosion)

Rounded

(very long erosion)

Sorting of sediments

energy of erosion

poorly sorted (high energy)

river, glacier

well sorted (low energy)

stream

Chemical classified by

mineral composition

3 that classify chemical mineral composition

limestone, dolostone, and chert

True/False: a single volcanic eruption can cause global cooling

true

everything we know about rocks is called the

rock record

Biogenic examples

Chalk, Coquina, Coal

Coal

animals and plants die then decompose the pressure together

Metamorphic

rock that formed by preexisting rock & is changed

Metamorphic rock is classified by....

Heat, Pressure, Chemical Reaction

Heat =

CONTACT metamorphism

Pressure =

REGIONAL metamorphism

Chemical Reaction =

HYDROTHERMAL metamorphism

part1 Flashcards

(100 cards)