phys 203 njit exam 2 > part2 > Flashcards

part2 Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

Parent rock

A

preexisting rock

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2
Q

Daughter Rock

A

changed/new rock

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3
Q

Foliated (folded)

A

applying pressure\ in ONE direction

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4
Q

Non-foliated (not folded)

A

applying pressure in ALL directions

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5
Q

4 examples of foliated daughter rocks

A

Slate, Phyllite, Schist, Gneiss

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6
Q

3 examples of non-foliated daughter rocks

A

Anthracite, Marble, Quartz

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7
Q

The rock cycle is ALWAYS _________________

A

changing

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8
Q

Dynamic

A

continuously changing
(Example: Earth, Rock Cycle)

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9
Q

Static

A

not changing

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10
Q

Migmatite

A

parts of the rock are melted, but other parts are not
(cannot be classified - not agreeable)

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11
Q

Tuff

A

forms from crystallization of molten rock but also being lithified

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12
Q

The Earth is ____% ocean & ____% continent

A

70% ; 30%

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13
Q

The ____________ expand many miles out into the ocean

A

continents

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14
Q

The uppermost continent is

A

sedimentary rock

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15
Q

once drilled passed sedimentary rock you reach the __________ rock or _________ rock

A

igneous ; Felsic

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16
Q

drill more and reach ________ & ________

A

rhyolite & granite

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17
Q

The bottom of the ocean is

A

sedimentary rock

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18
Q

once drilled passed the sedimentary rock you reach the __________ rock or _________ rock

A

igneous ; Mafic

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19
Q

drill more and reach _______ & ________

A

basalt & gabbro

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20
Q

Core

A

center of the Earth, most dense
(Iron and Nickel)

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21
Q

Mantle

A

layer outside the core, less dense
(-Iron rich silicates
-Made of rocks and minerals
-Broken into the Mesosphere)

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22
Q

Crust

A

thinnest layer of the Earth, least dense
Iron poor silicate rock

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23
Q

Lithosphere

A

the mantle (with crust) and core together

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24
Q

Inner core (Solid Core)

A

even though the temperature is the thousands the pressure is so enormous that it makes the iron and nickel solid

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25
Outer Core (Molten Core)
not as hot as the inner core causing the iron and nickel to remain in their molten state
26
Asthenosphere
layer of weak rock
27
"Astheno" means
weak
28
Seismic Waves
waves from earthquakes
29
Pressure Waves (Primary Waves/ P-Waves)
force directed onto an area
30
Shear Waves (Secondary Waves/ S-Waves)
force directed along an area
31
P-waves propagate through BOTH ______ & ________
solid & liquid
32
S-waves propagate through ONLY ________
liquid
33
Pressure waves travel _______________ than shear waves
FASTER
34
therefore you detect __-waves before you detect __-waves
p ; s
35
if you detect p-waves but don't detect s-waves until later then the earthquake happened ________
Farther away
36
if you detect p-waves immediately followed by s-waves the earthquake happened ________
Closer
37
True/False: From the arrival times you can determine how far away or close the earthquake happened
True
38
Shadow Zones
can only detect p-waves
39
True/False: Shadow Zones can detect p-waves
on the complete opposite side of the earth from where the earthquake took place True
40
The earth is ____ billion years old
4.5
41
When the earth formed it was entirely molten, this caused the materials that were more dense (metals) to _____ to the center.
sink
42
Materials that were less dense (silicate rock) ____.
rose
43
____________ then separated these materials.
gravity
44
Differentiation
materials being spread apart according to density
45
Most planets have a _______ core
metallic
46
Larger planets are _______ severely differentiated because they have more mass, therefore their gravity is __________
more ; greater
47
Earth is the ___ planet from the sun
3rd
48
Mars is the __ planet from the sun
4th
49
Mars' gravity is __________ than earth's so it has a ____ severely differentiation
weaker ; less
50
Mars also has more ____ on the surface than the earth which causes the reddish color on the surface
iron
51
The inner core is _________ from the rest of the earth
detached
52
Magnetic Field
created by the molten outer layer because of the iron & nickel
53
Magnetic field begins at the
magnetic north pole
54
Magnetic field ends at the
magnetic south pole
55
Solar Wind
a stream of charged particles, primarily protons and electrons, from the sun
56
Van Allen Belts
charged particles (from solar wind) that are trapped in the earth's magnetic field and collide with molecules in the atmosphere
57
Van Allen Belts give off energy in the form of light creating an
Aurora
58
Aurora Borealis
Northern Lights
59
Aurora Australis
Southern Lights
60
The earth's magnetic field_______ itself once every 100 thousand years
REVERSES
61
Plate Tectonics
the fundamental theory of geology
62
Who was Alfred Wegener (1880-1930)?
climatologist, died at the age of 50 on an expedition studying the ice in greenland who developed the hypothesis of Continental Drift
63
Continental Drift
the continents were once connected and then drifted apart
64
Continental Shape
west Africa and east South America were once connected
65
Rock Types
sampled rocks from each coasts and found that they were similar
66
Mountain Ranges
the Appalachian Mountains matched up with the Scandinavian Mountains
67
Ancient Climate
the ancient climates of both Africa and South America matched
68
Fossils
found matching fossils of land animals on both continents
69
Alfred Wegener
Who wrote the book "The Origins of Continents and Oceans"?
70
Continental Shelves (continental shape)
the east coast of South America matches up perfectly with the west coast of Africa
71
Oceanic ridges
mountain ranges at the bottom of the sea -the mid-Atlantic ridge matches the shape of the east coast of South America and west coast of Africa perfectly
72
Continuum of rock ages
when you drill holes into rocks and date them -the rocks closest to the mid-Atlantic ridge has the youngest rock, and as you get farther away and closer to the continents it becomes older
73
Continuum of sediment thickness
the layer of sediment thickens as you move away from the mid-Atlantic ridge
74
Magnetic Reversals
magnetic fields reverse on each layer of the earth
75
Theory of Plate tectonics
the lithosphere of the earth is fractured/broken into 20 pieces. These pieces are called tectonic plates, and they float on the asthenosphere and are pushed around by convection cells in the asthenosphere
76
3 Types of Energy:
Conduction, Convection, Radiation
77
Conduction
heat that is transferred from one source to another because they are in direct contact
78
Convection
when heat is transferred because fluid (liquid or gas) moves from one place to another (hot fluids rise and cold fluids sink)
79
Radiation
energy is transported across an open space by electromagnetic waves
80
Radioactive Decay
is where the geothermal energy comes from
81
Radioactive
unstable nucleus
82
Divergent Plate Boundary
where two tectonic plates are being pushed away from each other
83
newborn rock
if two plates are separate, molten rock comes up and cools creating
84
the _________ of the tectonic plates are at divergent plate boundaries
youngest
85
Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of what kind of divergent plate boundary?
Oceanic-Oceanic Divergent Plate Boundary
86
African Rift Valleys are examples of what kind of divergent plate boundary?
Continental-Continental Divergent Plate Boundary
phys 203 njit exam 2
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