Pasteurella

Question 1

Respiratory/mucosal gram - pathogens list

Answer 1

Pasteurella, Mannheimia, Bibersteina, Actinobacillus, Francisella, Histophilus, Haemophilus, Bordetella, Moraxella, and Legionella

Question 2

major characteristics respiratory/ mucosal of Gram-negative Pathogens

Answer 2

• gram - coccobacilli or cocci
• bacteria typically small bacilli with gram - staining characteristic

Question 3

Location of respiratory/mucosal gram - pathogens

Answer 3

Predominantly colonising the nasopharynx or tonsils

Question 4

Commensal nature of respiratory gram - pathogens

Answer 4

most are carried by animals themselves
Commensal obligate parasites of vertebrates

Question 5

Opportunistic nature of respiratory gram - pathogen

Answer 5

• often commensal, some turn opportunistic when animal is stressed
  
  • Stress is due to factors such as temp fluctuations, starvation, primary viral infections or immune compromise

Question 6

Primary type of infection of respiratory gram - pathogen

Answer 6

• respiratory or reproductive
  
  • majority > respiratory disease can occasionally result in septicaemia

Question 7

Gram stain feature of pasteurella

Answer 7

Short gram - rods that show bipolar staining

Question 8

growth on agar for pasteurella

Answer 8

Do not grow on MacConkey agar

Question 9

Strains & serogroups of Pasteurella

Answer 9

• Most pathogenic strains possess a large capsule, which is visible when grown on blood agar
  
  • 5 capsular serogroups (A, B, C, D, E, F) and 16 somatic serogroups
  • These capsular types are highly correlated and associated with specific hosts

Question 10

type of pathogen pasteurella

Answer 10

• Commensal obligate parasites of vertebrates, predominantly colonising the nasopharynx or tonsils
  
  • opportunistic when animals experience stress

Question 11

Pathogen that causes snuffles in rabbits

Answer 11

P. multocida

Question 12

Atrophic rhinitis in pigs primary pathogen

Answer 12

Bordetella bronchiseptica

Question 13

primary agent of fowl cholera

Answer 13

Pasturella multocida

Question 14

What does fowl cholera cause

Answer 14

acute septicaemia in turkeys, layer birds & meat birds

Question 15

What does fowl cholera lead to

Answer 15

chronic upper respiratory tract infections in poultry

Question 16

risk factors of fowl cholera

Answer 16

Stress and the introduction of highly virulent strains, particularly Group F strains, are common triggers

Question 17

Hemorrhagic Septicaemia affects ?

Answer 17

primarily affects cattle and buffalo

Question 18

Hemorrhagic Septicaemia what does it cause in cattle & buffalo

Answer 18

causes acute septicaemia or chronic pleuropneumonia

Question 19

What does Hemorrhagic Septicaemia: get triggered by

Answer 19

often triggered by stress, such as during monsoon seasons

Question 20

Serogroups of haemorrhagic septicaemia

Answer 20

Capsular serogroups B and E are associated with this condition

Question 21

Pneumonic Pasteurellosis causes?

Answer 21

causes bronchial pneumonia

Question 22

What infections do P. multocida

Answer 22

Fowl Cholera
Hemorrhagic Septicaemia
Pneumonic Pasteurellosis
Atrophic Rhinitis in Pigs
Snuffles in Rabbits
Cellulitis and Abscessation from Dog and Cat Bites

Question 23

Dogs & cats with pasteurella

Answer 23

frequently carry Pasteurella in their nasal tract, and the bacteria can be inoculated through the wound, causing rapid progression of infection and toxic signs

Question 24

Serogroup for cellulitis

Answer 24

Capsular serogroup C is associated with bite-related cellulitis

Question 25

Importance of serogrouping of Pasteurella

Answer 25

- specific capsular types are strongly correlated and associated with specific hosts - These capsular types have evolved to be adapted to survive, colonise, or cause infection in particular host species - knowing the serogroup of a Pasteurella strain, especially in cases like fowl cholera, helps determine if an existing vaccine will be effective

Question 26

Capsular Serogroup A of Pasteurella

Answer 26

- Causes pneumonia in pretty much all animal species - Occasionally causes fowl cholera in birds - Associated with atrophic rhinitis in pigs - Responsible for snuffles in rabbits

Question 27

Capsular Serogroup B of Pasteurella

Answer 27

- Causes hemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle and occasionally pigs, particularly in Asia - This is a severe septicaemic form that can lead to acute septicaemia or chronic pleuropneumonia, often triggered by stress

Question 28

Capsular Serogroup C of Pasteurella

Answer 28

- Causes cellulitis following dog and cat bites - These animals often carry *Pasteurella* in their nasal tract, leading to abscessation and toxic signs when inoculated through a wound - This is considered a zoonotic pathogen

Question 29

Capsular Serogroup D of Pasteurella

Answer 29

- Can also cause atrophic rhinitis in pigs, especially after a primary infection with *Bordetella bronchiseptica* - *Pasteurella* produces toxins that can melt away the bone around the nasal cavity

Question 30

Capsular Serogroup E of Pasteurella

Answer 30

- Another serogroup associated with haemorrhagic septicaemia in cattle, particularly in Africa - Similar to serogroup B, it is often seen in cattle and buffalo and is linked to stress, such as during monsoon seasons

Question 31

Capsular Serogroup F of Pasteurella

Answer 31

- the most dominant and important serogroup associated with fowl cholera worldwide - It causes acute septicaemia in turkeys, layer birds, and meat birds, and also chronic upper respiratory tract infections, often triggered by stress or the introduction of highly virulent strains

Question 32

Pathogen that causes shipping fever

Answer 32

Mannheimia haemolytica

Question 33

Mannheimia haemolytica commensal & opportunistic pathogen

Answer 33

Commensal of the respiratory tract, specifically the nasopharynx

Question 34

Triggers for stress infection Mannheimia haemolytica

Answer 34

1. temperature fluctuations 2. starvation 3. Primary viral infection (bovine herpes virus) 4. Immune compromise 5. Stress during shipping 6. Introduction of new animals or saleyards 7. Transportation 8. Introduction to new area

Question 35

Result of Mannheimia haemolytica infection

Answer 35

- Causes secondary pneumonia in feedlot cattle - majority of these respiratory/mucosal pathogens cause respiratory disease and can occasionally lead to septicaemia

Question 36

growth characteristics of Mannheimia haemolytica

Answer 36

- It shows weak growth on MacConkey agar - It is sometimes indole negative (unlike *P. multocida*, which is typically indole positive) - It exhibits beta haemolysis due to leukotoxin production, which distinguishes it from *Pasteurella multocida* (which is non-haemolytic)

Question 37

Control measures of Mannheimia haemolytica

Answer 37

Vaccination Stress reduction

Question 38

Vaccination of M. haemolytica

Answer 38

can be controlled by Bovilis vaccine, administered three weeks before shipment and upon arrival cost associated with this vaccine often deters its use

Question 39

Stress reduction measures in M. haemolytica

Answer 39

- Reducing stress in animals - Purchasing stock directly from producers - Avoiding sales yards to minimise stress and contagion - Buying stock from quality areas with quality assurance programmes in place - Purchasing stock nearby/locally to reduce transit time