What are the clinical manifestations of Laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup)?
Barking cough, stridor, hoarseness, and difficulty breathing.
How does Asthma differ from COPD?
Asthma is reversible airflow obstruction with inflammation, while COPD is progressive and irreversible, often caused by smoking.
What are the symptoms of COPD (Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema)?
Chronic cough, sputum production, and shortness of breath.
What are the risk factors for Pulmonary Edema?
Heart failure, high altitude, and fluid overload.
What are the clinical manifestations of ARDS (Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome)?
Severe hypoxemia, bilateral lung infiltrates, and respiratory failure.
What precautions are taken for TB (Tuberculosis) and AFB (Acid-Fast Bacillus)?
Transmission-based precautions include airborne isolation.
What immediate action is required for severe respiratory distress in Croup?
Signs include breathing with accessory muscles and cyanosis.
What are the symptoms of Postoperative Atelectasis?
Decreased breath sounds, cough, and shortness of breath.
What characterizes Pernicious Anemia?
Large, immature red blood cells (megaloblasts) due to vitamin B12 deficiency.
What does Leukocytosis indicate?
An increased white blood cell count, often due to infection or inflammation.
What is the difference between primary and secondary Polycythemia?
Primary (polycythemia vera) is a myeloproliferative disorder, while secondary is due to chronic hypoxia or other factors.
What interventions are included for Thrombocytopenia Purpura?
Platelet transfusions and immunosuppressive therapy.
What are the risk factors for DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation)?
Sepsis, trauma, and malignancy.
What is Hematopoiesis?
The process of blood cell production, essential for maintaining healthy blood cells.
What is the pathophysiology of Leukemia?
Abnormal proliferation of white blood cells, with chronic or acute forms.
What indicates a good prognosis in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma?
Limited disease, younger age, and response to treatment.
What does the right side of the heart do?
Receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs.
What are the symptoms of Varicose Veins?
Swelling, pain, and visible veins.
What are the clinical manifestations of Thrombophlebitis?
Pain, swelling, and warmth over the affected vein.
What are the symptoms of Right-Sided Heart Failure?
Peripheral edema, jugular venous distension, and hepatomegaly.
What is the basic effect of Left-Sided Congestive Heart Failure?
Pulmonary congestion, leading to shortness of breath and cough.
What are the modifiable risk factors for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?
Smoking, hypertension, and high cholesterol.
What are the non-modifiable risk factors for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?
Age and family history.
What is the etiology of Anaphylactic Shock?
Severe allergic reactions, often due to food, insect stings, or medications.
