1
Q
what is the major offender in infections endocarditis occuring in intravenous drug abusers?
A
S. aureus
2
Q
in endocarditis 50%-60% of cases occuring on damaged or deformed valves are caused by?
A
S. viridans
3
Q
A
4
Q
what is the most consistent sign of infective endocarditis?
A
fever
5
Q
in endocarditis fever may be absent in?
A
subacute disease particularly in older adult
6
Q
in endocarditis fever may be absent in subacute and the only manifestation is?
A
1/nonspecific fatigue
2/weight loss
3/flulike syndrome
7
Q
splenomegaly is commn in…….. endocarditis?
A
subacute
8
Q
1/petechia
2/nail bed (splinter)
hemorrhages,
3/ retinal hemorrhages (Roth spots)
4/painless palm or sole erythematous
lesions (Janeway lesions)
5/ painful fingertip nodules (Osler nodes)
are clinical features of
A
endocarditis
9
Q
in endocarditis infections with aerobic gramnegative bacilli or fungi are associated with fatality rate of approximately?
A
50%
10
Q
wartlike vegetations is characterizes of?
A
Libman Sacks Endocarditis
11
Q
in DCM
what is the genetic mutation causes it?
A
♕most common
1/@ cardiac actin
2/ X linked (dystrophin)
♕uncommon
1/mitochondrial protein
2/desmin
3/nuclear lamins A and C
4/the same hypertrophic genes mutation but loss of functions not gain of functions
12
Q
in DCM patients
what is the virus that can be detected in the myocardium form late stage?
A
coxsackievirus B
and other (enterovirus)
13
Q
in DCM
what alcohol and toxic exposure that causes it includes?
A
1/acetaldehyde
2/thiamine deficiency (beriberi heart disease)
3/cobalt
4/doxorubicin (Adriamycin)
14
Q
what is the factors that responsible for impaired angiogenesis in peripartum cardiomyopathy?
A
1/Antiangiogenesis cleavage products of hormone (prolactin)
2/placental-derived antagonists to the VEGF
15
Q
when the peripartum cardiomyopathy occurs?
A
late in gastation or
several weeks to months postpartum
16
Q
accumulation of intracellular Hemosiderin demonstrable by staining with?
A
Prussian blue
17
Q
the heart in DCM is enlarged up to……… times the normal weight?
A
two to three
18
Q
DCM most commonly is diagnosed between………. years of age?
A
20 and 50
19
Q
what is the causative mutation genes of Arrhythmogenic Right ventricular cardiomyopathy?
A
1/desmosomal junctional proteins at the intercalated discs (plakoglobin)
2/proteins that interact with desmosome (desmin)
20
Q
in Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
what is genes mutation that responsible for 70-80% of all cases?
A
1/Beta myosin heavy chain (most frequently)
2/myosin binding protein C
3/troponin T
21
Q
the left ventricular outflow tract giving raise to a (banana shabed) in?
A
HCM
22
Q
what is the most common form of restrictive cardiomyopathy (endomyocardial fibrosis)?
A
Endomyocardial fibrosis
23
Q
treatment of loeffler endomyocarditis by?
A
tyrosine kinase inhibitors
24
Q
A
25
what is the most common cause of myocarditis?
viral infections
26
which type of pericarditis is common?
secondary pericarditis
27
what is the Dressles's syndrome?
secondary pericarditis after MI or cardiac surgery
28
what is the most common systemic disorders associated with pericarditis?
Uremia
29
in acute viral pericarditis the exudate typically is?
fibrinous
called(bread and butter) pericarditis
30
in acute bacterial pericarditis the exudate is?
fibrinopyrulent (suppurative)
with area of frank pus
31
in tuberculous pericarditis can exhibit areas of?
caseation
32
what is the earliest and most significant symptom of left sided heart failure?
Dyspnea
33
what is the hallmark of right heart failure?
peripheral edema of dependent portions of the body especially ankle(pedal) and pretibial edema
34
prinzmetal angina also called?
variant angina
35
unstable angina also called?
crescendo angina
36
what is the most common cause of death in older adult women?
IHD
(ischemic heart disease)
37
widow marker is dubbed to?
left anterior descending artery
38
what is the most common cause of rhythmic disorders?
ischemic injury
39
what is the sick sinus syndrome?
damaged to SA node
40
what is the long Q-T syndrome?
K channelopathies
results in decreased potassium currents
41
what is the most common cause of long Q-T syndrome?
mutation in KCNQ1
42
what is the first manifestation of IHD?
SCD
43
what is the normal heart weight of the heart for 60-70kg individual?
320-360g
44
Boxcar nuclei is microscopic features of?
ventricular hypertrophy
45
what is the diseases that more common cause cor pulmonae but is excluded by its definition?
1/left ventricular failure
2/congenital heart disease
46
what is the most common congenital valvular lesion?
bicuspid aortic valve
47
what is the most common cause of aortic stenosis?
Calcif aortic degeneration
48
what is the hallmark of calcife aortic stenosis?
heaped-up calcifed masses on the outflow side of the cusps
49
earlier stage of the aortic calcifcation process is called?
aortic valve sclerosis
50
which type of Myxomatous Mitral valve that with women affected 7-fold more than men?
primary
51
which type of Myxomatous Mitral valve that affect men and women equally?
secondary
52
myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve is a
common feature of....... syndrome?
Marfan
53
compensated HHD is typically is?
(symptomatic-asymptomatic)
asymptomatic
54
Calcif aortic degeneration is?
(symptomatic-asymptomatic)
asymptomatic
55
what is the only cause of aquired mitral stenosis?
rheumatic fever
56
what is the two most important causes of endothelial dysfunction?
1/hemodynamic disturbance
2/hypercholesterolemia
57
the basal zone of fibrous atheromatous plaque composed of?
SMC, CT
58
the lipid zone of fibrous atheromatous plaque composed of?
1/foam cells(lipid laden macrophages and SMC)
2/extracellular lipid, cholesterol crystals, necrotic debris
59
the fibrous cap under the endothelium in fibrous atheromatous plaque consists of?
dense collagen, scattered SMC, macrophages
60
Verrucae are small ,
warty, firmly attached
vegetations along the lines
of closure of valve leaflets/
tendinous cords is characteristic of?
(RF, infective endocarditis)
RF
61
what is the pathogenomic of rheumatic myocarditis?
granulomatous lesion, with a central fibrinoid focus
62
what is the MacCallum plaques?
subendocardial lesions, which appear as irregular, wrinkled,
map-like thickenings in the mural endocardium. Usually seen in the posterior wall of the left
atrium (in chronic RHD and not in acute rheumatic fever
63
in isolated mitral valve stenosis which ventrical is hypertrophy and failure and which is normal?
right ventrical hypertrophy ♡
left ventrical normal
64
Extracardiac lesions of RF?
1. Migrating polyarthritis
2. Subcutaenous nodules
3. Erythema marginatum
4. Sydenham's chorea
65
Sydenham's chorea or Saint Vitus’ dance?
It is a neurologic disorder with involuntary rapid, jerky,
purposeless movements of trunks and extremities.
66
Anitschkow cells in cut longitudinally section the nucleus show.......appearance ?
(owl eye -caterpillar)
caterpillar
67
Anitschkow cells in cut transverse section the nucleus show.......appearance ?
(owl eye -caterpillar)
owl eye
68
what is the 3Fs of mitral valve
changes RF?
1. Fibrosis
2. Fixed narrow opening
3. Fusion of chordae
tendineae
69
what is the racemose aneurysm?
It is a direct communication between an artery
and a vein
70
what is the syndrome that associated with defective type III collagen synthesis →
aneurysm?
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
71
what is the syndrome that is characterized by defective synthesis of the fibrillin → weakening
of the aortic wall → aneurysm?
Marfan syndrome
72
Hypertension: It predisposes to aneurysms of the (ascending aorta-abdominal aorta)?
ascending aorta
73
Atherosclerosis: It predisposes to aneurysms in the( Ascending aorta abdominal aorta)?
abdominal aorta
74
berry aneurysms is occurs in?
circle of Willis
75
Blood vessels in malignant
hypertension?
1/Hyperplastic
arterioscleosis (onionskin appaerance)
2/ Fibrinoid necrosisnecrotizing arteriolitis.
76
what is the Causes of hyaline
arteriosclerosis?
1. Benign hypertension
2. Diabetic
microangiography
3. Old age (either normo or hypertensive)
77
DeBakey type III of Aortic Dissection
?
They have distal lesions which do not involve the ascending part and
usually begin distal to the subclavian artery
78
Takayau's arteritis involve the aorta in patients...... than 50 years?
(younger-older)
younger
79
Giant-cell (temporal)
arteritis
involve Temporal artery and aorta in Patients......than
age 50?
(younger older)
older
80
Kawasaki disease Arteritis in medium vessels with mucocutaneous lymph
node syndrome Usually occurs in?
(children
-old)
children
81
Wegener's
granulomatosis
small vessels arteritis in?
Upper respiratory tract
lungs
kidneys
skin
eyes
82
Churg-Strauss
syndrome small vessels arteritis in?
Upper respiratory tract, lungs, heart,
peripheral nerves
83
Microscopic
polyangiitis
small vessels arteritis in?
1/Necrotizing glomerulonephritis .
2/pulmonary capillaries .
84
Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis is strongly associated with?
hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection
85
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) associated with?
polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)
86
what is the Characteristic features of vegetative endocarditis in (Rheumatic fever (RHD))?
Small, warty vegetations along the line of closure of valve leaflets
87
what is the Characteristic features of vegetative endocarditis in( Infective endocarditis (IE))?
Large, irregular on the valve cusps that can extend on to the chordae tendinae
88
what is the Characteristic features of vegetative endocarditis in (Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE))?
Small, bland vegetations usually attached to the line of closure of valve leaflets
89
what is the Characteristic features of vegetative endocarditis in (Libman-Sacks endocarditis (SLE))?
Small or medium-sized vegetations on either side of the valve leaflets
90
what is the major Duke criteria to diagnosis of infective endocarditis?
1. Blood culture(s) positive
2. Echocardiographic identification of a valve-related or implant-related mass or abscess
3. New valvular regurgitation
91
what is the Cardiac Complications of infective endocarditis?
1. Ring abscess
2. Perforation and rupture
3. Myocardial abscess
4. Suppurative pericarditis.
5. Valvular dysfunction
92
what is the most common cause for prosthetic valve endocarditis?
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (e.g. S. epidermidis)
93
what is the most
common causes endocarditis of previously damaged or abnormal valves?
Streptococcus viridans
94
what is the major organism responsible for IE in intravenous drug abusers?
Staphylococcus aureus
95
HACEK group
• Haemophilus
• Actinobacillus
• Cardiobacterium
• Eikenella
• Kingella.
96
what is the major Jones criteria for diagnosis of rheumatic fever?
1. Pancarditis
2. Migratory polyarthritis of the large joints
3. Sydenham's chorea
4. Erythema marginatum
5. Subcutaneous nodules
97
Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies
(Antiendothelial Cell Antibodies) is associated with?
1/Kawasaki disease
2/SLE
98
Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (Anti-myeloperoxidase(MPO-ANCA)) is associated with?
1/microscopic polyangiitis
2/Churg-Strauss syndrome
99
Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (Anti-proteinase-3 (PR3-ANCA))is associated with?
Wegener's granulomatosis.
100
Immune complex mediated vascular injury is due to type.......
hypersensitivity reaction?
III
101
Biopsy of affected artery in vasculitis conditions is not only
of diagnostic value but also cures the main symptom of the
patient?
Giant cell arteritis
102
Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN) does not
involve
( pulmonary- renal- visceral) arteries?
pulmonary
103
what is the barlow syndrom?
one or both mitral leaflets are “floppy” and prolapse, or
balloon back into the left atrium during systole
(midsystolic click)
104
which causes
of mitral insufficiency that associated with Annular dilation?
barlow syndrom
105
what is the syndrome that cause, Non Bacterial
Thrombotic (Marantic
Endocarditis)?
Trosseau syndrome
106
When the infarcts are less than 12 hours old, they can be diagnosed only with the help of the........ dye?
triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC).
107
what is the first sign of acute MI?
rapid pulse
108
what is the first symptoms of acute MI?
dyspnea
109
what is the earliest enzyme to
increase after MI?
myoglobin
110
what is the most common arrhythmia after one hour of MI?
supraventricular tachycardia
111
what is the most common arrhythmia within one hour of MI?
Ventricular fibrillation
112
what is the
most common site for postinfarction free wall rupture?
The anterolateral wall at the midventricular level
113
what is the earliest lesion of atherosclerosis?
(Fatty dot-fatty streak)
fatty streak
114
what is the Leriche syndrome?
is aortoiliac
occlusive disease due to atherosclerotic occlusion affecting the
bifurcation of the abdominal aorta
115
what is the Complications of Atherosclerosis?
( ACUTE)
1/Aneurysm
2/Calcification
3/Ulceration
4/Thrombosis
5/Embolism
116
ANEURYSM that show tree barking” appearance of the thoracic aorta is caused by?
tertiary stage of syphilis
117
what is Loeys Dietz syndrome?
defect in elastin and collagen types I and III due to mutation
in TGF-b receptor>>> aneurysm
118
what is the most common cause of true aneurysm in aorta?
Atherosclerosis
119
what is the most specific symptom of Giant cell (Temporal) arteritis?
jaw pain
120
what is the pulseless disease?
is the Takayasu arteritis
121
what is the commonest cause of mononeuritis multiplex?
Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN)
122
what is the commonest vasculitis in childen?
Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP)/Anaphylactoid purpura
123
ال
ال
cardiovascular system
flashcards
Decks in class (20)
# Cards
-
anatomy85
-
pericardium17
-
Development of heart59
-
Histology66
-
physiology59
-
metabolism41
-
pathology congenital21
-
pathology123
-
pharma (Diuretics drugs)41
-
microbiology6
-
physiology abnormalities6
-
anatomy 235
-
pharma ACE inhibitors6
-
pathology tumors7
-
pharma hypertension13
-
pharma heart failure7
-
pediatrics38
-
lab10
-
ppppp9
-
anatomyyyyyy1
