pathology

Question 1

what is pathology

Answer 1

the study of diseases

Question 2

what is a disease

Answer 2

any abnormal disturbance pf the function or structure of the body as result of some type of injury

Question 3

what is pathogenesis

Answer 3

occurs after injury, the events leading up to or producing the cellular damage that lead to observable changes known as manifestations

Question 4

what are manifestations

Answer 4

observable changes as result from disease and damage

the display or disclosure of characteristic signs and symptoms of an illness

Question 5

what is a sign? what is a symptom

Answer 5

these are the ways disease is characterized
signs- measurable. BP or body temp
symptoms- how patient feels. hot or sick

Question 6

what are the 2 ways disease is described?

Answer 6

acute disease and chronic disease

Question 7

what is acute disease

Answer 7

quick on set and last short amt of time

Question 8

what is chronic disease

Answer 8

manifests slowly and last a long time. these diseases can also have acute episodes

Question 9

what is a diagnosis

Answer 9

the name of the disease the patient is believed to have

Question 10

what is a prognosis

Answer 10

the predicted course and outcome of a disease

Question 11

what are the 6 disease classifications

Answer 11

1- inflammation & infectious disease
2- neoplastic disease
3- congenital and hereditary disease
4- metabolic disease
5- degenerative disease
6- traumatic disease

Question 12

what is inflammation? what are the steps?

Answer 12

results from the bodys reaction to a localized injurious agent.
-blood flow increases to that area and vascular permeability
-WBC respond and go to the injured area
-phagocytosis of necrotic tissue
-repair of tissue, granulation tissue (scar tissue)

Question 13

what are the 4 types of injury

Answer 13

infective
traumatic
toxic
allergic

Question 14

explain the 5 signs of acute inflammation

Answer 14

1- heat/ calor- caused by increased blood flow
2- redness/ rubor- increased capillary permeability
3- swelling or edema/ tumor- caused by the shift of protein & fluid into interstitial space
4- pain/ dolor- results from increased pressure of fluid on nerves
5- loss of function- if cells lack nutrients or swelling interferes w action

Question 15

what irritations can cause chronic inflammation

Answer 15

smoking
bacterial infection
long term imm responses

Question 16

what is infection

Answer 16

an inflammatory process caused by a disease causing organism. the invading pathogen multiplies and causes injury effects

Question 17

what are some types of infection

Answer 17

bacterial
viral
parasitic
fungal

Question 18

can infection occur without inflammation? can inflammation occur without infection ?

Answer 18

no
yes

Question 19

what factors promote healing

Answer 19

youth
good nutrition
adequate hemoglobin
good circulation
clean wounds
minimal complications

Question 20

what factors delay healing

Answer 20

old age
poor nutrition
anemia (low blood iron)
poor circulation
infection
morbidity or underlaying disease
steroid use and chemotherapy

Question 21

what complications can arise from healing

Answer 21

loss of function
contractures or obstructions (shrinking scar tissue)
adhesions (2 scar tiss fuse together)
hypertrophic scar tiss (overgrow)

Question 22

what are neoplasms? what are the 2 types

Answer 22

new abnormal tissue growth that is no longer controlled. these cells do not respond to normal cellular start and stop messages of mitosis.
benign neoplasm
malignant neoplasm

Question 23

what is a benign and malignant neoplasm?

Answer 23

b- remain localized and noninvasive
m- cancer, continue to grow and spread to invade other tissues

Question 24

what is congenital disease

Answer 24

diseases that are present at birth resulting from genetic or environmental factors. can be hereditary but could occur from maternal infection, radiation, or drugs

Question 25

what are hereditary diseases

Answer 25

caused by developmental disorders genetically transmitted from a parent thru abnormalities of genes in a chromosome can be dominant or recessive

Question 26

what is metabolic disease? what are examples?

Answer 26

a disturbance of normal physiologic function. includes endocrine disorders, electrolyte imbalance, and fluid disturbance. examples: diabetes, hyperparathyroidism, and dehydration

Question 27

what are degenerative diseases? what can affect this? what are examples

Answer 27

diseases causing deterioration of the body. affected by age, diet, and enviro factors. ex: osteoarthritis and osteoporosis

Question 28

what are traumatic diseases

Answer 28

result from crushing or twisting of the body part, from effects of ionizing radiation (burns), and from extreme hot or cold temps (frostbite and burns)

Question 29

Iatrogenic

Answer 29

disease caused by a physician or treatment.

Question 30

Nosocomial infections

Answer 30

Infections acquired from the environment in an acute care facility. (infection following hip surgery)

Question 31

Idiopathic

Answer 31

- no causative factor for the disease can be identified

Question 32

Edema

Answer 32

accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in cells, tissues, or body cavities

Question 33

Granulation tissue

Answer 33

Vascular CT that forms scar on top of healing wound