Neurology > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Meninges

leptomeninges

A
  • Dura Mater (outer layer)
  • Arachnoides
  • Pia Mater
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2
Q

Brain : Frontal

A
  • motor functions
  • Behavior
  • emotions
  • higher intellectual functions
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3
Q

Brain : Parietal

A

Sensory functions

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4
Q

Brain : Temporal

A

Hearing

Smelling

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5
Q

Brain : occipital

A

Visual Center

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6
Q

Brainstem : Midbrain

A

*Visual/auditory reflex center

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7
Q

Brainstem : Pons

A
  • Point of connection b/w cortex + cerebellum + medulla
  • MOUTH: chewing/biting/swallowing
  • FACE: expressions/sensation
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8
Q

Brainstem : Medulla oblongata

A
  • cardiac center
  • vasomotor center
  • respiratory center
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9
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Motor activity regulator

* Integration: spinal cord/vestibular organ sensory impulses + cereberal cortex motor impulses

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10
Q

Gray matter

A
  • cortex

* made of NEURONS

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11
Q

White matter

A

made of:

  • AXONS
  • oligodendroglial cells = produce myelin
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12
Q

Which nerve cells are facultative/mitotic/divisible?

A 
Glial = YES
Neuron = NO
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13
Q

Glial cells :

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Oilgodendrocytes
  • Ependymal cells
  • Schwann cells
  • Microglia

TUMOR = GLIOMAS

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14
Q

What separates CNS from body?

A

BBB

Meninges

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15
Q

Dysraphic Disorders/Malformations:

Neural tube defect

A
  • *Failure of Neural Folds to close during development
  • MC hind end
  • -Anencephaly/encephalocele/meningocele
  • -*Spina bifida occulta
  • myelomeningocele (spine + meninges)
  • meningocele (meninges)
  • raskiskesis = spinal cord doesn’t close from top to bottom
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16
Q

CNS Hemorrhage:

Epidural hematoma

A
  • MIDDLE MENINGEAL ARTERY rupture
  • coma
  • Lethal if no Dx
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17
Q

CNS Hemorrhage:

Subdural

A
  • BRIDGING VEINS rupture
  • B/w dura + arachnoid
  • increased intracranial pressure –> s/s
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18
Q

CNS Hemorrhage:

Subarachnoid

A

****2nd MC ANEURISM rupture

*trauma

  • under arachnoid layer
  • High mortality
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19
Q

CNS Hemorrhage:

Intracerebral

A

2ndary to:
***HTN 2nd MC

*Trauma
*Hematologic dz

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20
Q

Cerebrovascular Dz : 2 types

A

*Ischemic MC (atherosclerosis/vessel occlusion)

Hemorrhagic (HTN)

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21
Q

Cerebrovascular Dz :

global ischemia

A

lacunar infarct

vascular dementia

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22
Q

Cerebrovascular Dz :

Cerebral infarct

A

Stroke

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23
Q

Cerebrovascular Dz :

Intracerebral Hemorrhage

A

HTN

basal ganglia MC location

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24
Q

Cerebral edema/Herniations

A

*Cingulate gyrus (subfalcine)

*Cerebral Uncus
(transtentorial = VISON)

*Cerebral Tonsil
(RESPIRATORY)

*Broken skull opening

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25
Brain injury: concussion
transient loss of consciousness
26
Brain injury: contusion
blood supply disruption
27
Brain injury: laceration
major neuro deficit
28
Neck/spinal cord injury
hyperextension/hyperflexion
29
Infxns from
* Penetrating trauma * Hematogenous spread (bacterial/fungal/viral/protozoal) * Middle ear/mastoid * Frontal sinusitis
30
encephalitis
brain PARENCHYMA inflammation | *viruses
31
Myelitis
SPINAL CORD inflammation | *viruses
32
Autoimmune CNS disease: Multiple Sclerosis
* Demyelination * Women MC * Oligoclonal T-cell brain populations * IgG CSF = oligoclonal bands * loss of touch * motor abnormalities * Die from respiratory infection
33
Metabolic/Nutritional dz
* Metabolism/enzyme deficiency = Tay Sachs, Niemann-Pick * Nutritional - B1/B12/Nicotinic (Ds) * alcoholism
34
Alcoholism/B1 deficiency
* ***Wernicke/Korsaoff syndrome****** * subdural hematoma/pontine myelinolysis * Delirium tremens * hypothalamus/mamillary body changes
35
Neurodegenerative Dz
* Alzheimer's * Parkinson's * Huntington's * Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
36
Alzheimer's Dz
* beta amyloid deposits from APP * >70 yrs * dementia * gyri narrow, sulci widen * cortex histological changes * Down syndrome = chrom 21
37
Parkinson's
* Tremor * Instability when walking * Depression/dementia * Pale substantia nigra * lewy bodies/lose melanin rich neurons = SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
38
Huntington's dz
* auto dominant * involuntary movement * atrophy of cortex/subcortical nuclei (MC in caudate/putamen) * s/s appear midlife, incapacitated at 50-60 yrs
39
Amylotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
*lose motor neurons - Spinal Cord, Midbrain, Cerebral cortex, Lateral cerebrospinal pathways
40
CNS Neoplasms
USUALLY do not metastasize
41
Tumor Origins
Glial Neurons Meninges Cranial/peripheral nerves
42
Tumor Origin: Glial
Astrocytomas Oligodenrogliomas Ependymomas
43
Astrocytomas
MC adults = cerebral hemispheres * MC kids = Cerebellum (Pilocytic) * solid OR cystic * Grade 4 glioma = GLIOBLASTOMA (worst)
44
Glioblastoma
* MC CNS tumor * lateral hemispheres * Necrotic yellow/red/white parts * radiologic butterfly = cross corpus callosum * poorly demarcated
45
Oligodendrogliomas
* in cerebral hemispheres * middle-age adults * well-circumscribed * maybe progress to GLIOBLASTOMA
46
Ependymomas
* Ependymal lining = ventricles * adults = spinal cord * in filum terminale (myxopapillary type) *Pseudorosette = vessel w/ RBC in middle, tumor cells around
47
Meningioma
* benign/malignant * different place, different s/s * epileptic seizure/motor deficit * benign = excellent prognosis!
48
Medulloblastoma
* cerebellum * MC malignant tumor kids * poor prognosis
49
Schwannomas/Neurofibromas
* MC benign | * Neurofibratomatosis II = bilat schwannomas
50
Schwannoma : compressive / infiltrative?
compressive
51
Neurofibratoma compressive / infiltrative?
infiltrative
52
Metastases to Brain
* MC tumor | * Lung/Breast/Melanoma
53
Schwann cells make....
Myelin in the PERIPHERY
54
Spinal cord vs. brain structure
Spinal = white outside, grey inside Brain = Grey outside, white inside
55
Oligodendroglial cells make...
myelin for CNS
56
Astrocytes Function
Supporter cells | BBB
57
Ependymal cells Function
Around ventricle | Ependymal lining
58
Microglia Function
* No tumors from here | * Eat dead tissue (infarcts, infxn)
59
ALL CNS hemorrhages MC cause
Trauma
60
Coup vs. Countercoup lesion Brain
Coup = same side as trauma Countercoup = opposite side as trauma
61
Multiple Sclerosis Lesions
Demyelinating Plaque = Ventricular location Lymphocytes eat myelin ---> bad neuron transmission
62
Alzheimer's Dx
Dementia + * Neuritic plaques * Neurofibrillary * Granulovacuolar degeneration (GVB)
63
Huntington's dz Genetics
Auto dominant Hunter = Dominant
64
Neoplasm CNS Location = adults vs. Kids
Adult = Supratentorial Kids = Infratentorial
65
MC malignant brain tumor in adult
Metastasis
66
MC common PRIMARY malignant brain tumor = adult
Glioblastoma | Invade brain
67
MC benign brain tumor
Meningioma | Dura mater = compress
68
MC malignant tumor = kids
Medulloblastoma Cerebellum
69
MC benign brain tumor = kids
Pylocystic astrocytoma Cerebellum
70
Glioblastoma Histological characteristics
* A = atypia (Gr1) * M = Mitosis (Gr2/3) * E = Endothelial Vascular Peforation * N = necrosis (Gr4)
71
Oligodendroma Histology
*Chicken-wire vasculature * Fried-egg cells - nucleus - spread out cytoplasm
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