Peer Relationships

Question 1

Individuals who are close in age to one another

Answer 1

Peers

Question 2

an intimate, reciprocated positive relationship between two people

Answer 2

Friendship

Question 3

What differs between the relationship between children and their peers and adults?

Answer 3

Children are relatively equal in terms of their power when they interact with peerse

Question 4

Would infants respond more positively to unfamiliar peers or unfamiliar adults?

Answer 4

Infants respond more positively to unfamiliar peers than to unfamiliar adults

Question 5

Infants are more comfortable with ____ peers than unfamiliar peers

Answer 5

Infants are more comfortable with familar peers than unfamiliar peers

Question 6

Describe early dyadic interactions between infants at 6 months

Answer 6

Infants smile at, reach toward, and touch other infants at the same time they do with adults.

Question 7

Infants are better able to sustain interactions with peers if ___ are not present. Why?

Answer 7

Infants are better able to sustain interactions with peers if toys are not present. This is because toys shift focus from the actual peers

Question 8

Provide examples of children’s early dyadic interactions in 2 year olds.

Answer 8

Children direct peers’ attention to toys, food, and other objects, by pointing , holding up or offering objects

Question 9

When does early aggression peak at?

Answer 9

Peaks at 30 months of age

Question 10

What are early peer aggressive conflict primarily about? What cognitive skills do this reflect in children?

Answer 10

Earl peer aggressive conflict primarily are about possession of toys and violating personal space. This suggest aggression relates to understanding of one’s property and one’s boundaries

Question 11

As children grow older, the ___ and ____ of intimacy with friends increases

Answer 11

As children grow older, the level and quality of of intimacy with friends increases

Question 12

6-8 year olds define friendship based on what?

Answer 12

Children define friendship based on whom they play with the most (level of intimacy)

Question 13

During early school years and adolescence, children define their friendship in terms of?

Answer 13

Companionship, loyalty, and similarity in attitudes, interests (quality of intimacy)

Question 14

Describe how “birds of a feather flock together”

Answer 14

Peer groups are often similar in their appearance, personality and interest

Question 15

Describe the selection vs socialization question.

Answer 15

Are children similar to their friends because they choose their friends who are similar to them (selection), or is it because their friends influence them (socialization)?

Question 16

Are selection or socialization stronger in children and adolescents?

Answer 16

In children and adolescents, both have a large influence on children

Question 17

In early adulthood, is selection or socialization stronger influences?

Answer 17

Selection is a stronger influence once we reach adulthood

Question 18

Children who have antisocial and aggressive friends tend to exhibit what types of behavior?

Answer 18

Children who have antisocial and aggressive friends tend to exhibit antisocial, delinquent and aggressive tendencies

Question 19

Provide an example of how selection can be present in children

Answer 19

Aggressive children gravitate toward peers who are similar to themselves in temperament

Question 20

Provide an example of how socialization can be present in children

Answer 20

Deviancy training: deviant peers reinforce their friends’ delinquent behavior through deviant talk

Question 21

Proximity in choice of friends is particularly present in what stage of life?

Answer 21

Proximity in choice of friends is particularly present in young children

Question 22

Children’s choice of friends are in accordance of?

Answer 22

Similarity of interests and behavior
Proximity
Similarity in age
Gender
Racial ethnic similarity

Question 23

When does cross-gender friendships tend to increase?

Answer 23

Typically increase in 8th grade

Question 24

Similarity in age in children’s choice of friendships typically is because?

Answer 24

May be a function of schooling and proximity

Question 25

Children’s similarity of interest and behavior in friends can predict?

Answer 25

Cognitive maturity, aggressive behavior, academic motivation, depression

Question 26

Youth with cross racial/ethic friendships tend to?

Answer 26

Tend to be leaders and socially competent and high in self-esteem

Question 27

Describe a study that describes how lacking same-race friendships can have costs

Answer 27

African American youth and Asian American youth whose best friends are only of a different race tend to be lower in emotional well-being

Question 28

Describe the cyber ball study

Answer 28

Virtual social exclusion experiment where experimenters examine brain responses to virtual peer rejection in cyberball, where in simulation, child has to watch when a child does not have a cyber ball passed to them by two virtual peers. Increased activity in areas of the brain that respond to exclusion are those involved in feeling physical pain