Percieving groups

Question 1

What is a group defined as ?

Answer 1

“two or more individuals percieve themselves to be members of the same social category

Question 2

Who defined the term group?

Answer 2

• Turner 1982

Question 3

What are the features of a group?

Answer 3

• interact with one another
  -percieve the self as belonging to a group
• are interdependent
• have common goal
• have a structure of norms or rules
  -influence each other

Question 4

What are the different types of group?

Answer 4

• entitavity
• intimacy groups
  -task groups
  -common bond groups
  -common identity groups

Question 5

What is entitavity in different types of group?

Answer 5

• feature of a group that makes it appear a distinct unit that is bound together

Question 6

What is intimacy groups in different types of group?

Answer 6

• groups that are closely tied together

Question 7

What is task groups in different types of group?

Answer 7

• groups that come together temporarily to achieve a specific goal

Question 8

What is common bond groups in different types of group?

Answer 8

• members have close personal bonds within the group

Question 9

What is common identity groups in different types of group?

Answer 9

• members have close personal ties to the group itself

Question 10

What are the stages in how a group forms?

Answer 10

1.forming
2.storming
3.norming
4. performing
5.adjourning

Question 11

What is forming in the stages in how a group forms?

Answer 11

• acceptance
  -avoidance of conflict
  -working out structure and roles

Question 12

What is storming in the stages in how a group forms?

Answer 12

• addressing issues
  -conflict
  -conflict may be suppressed in the interests of harmony

Question 13

What is norming in the stages in how a group forms?

Answer 13

• listening, support, flexibility
• common identity and purpose

Question 14

What is performing in the stages in how a group forms?

Answer 14

• task orientation

Question 15

What is adjourning in the stages in how a group forms?

Answer 15

• task is complete and the group disengages

Question 16

What is group socialisation?

Answer 16

• explains dynamic nature of the group over time
  -interrelationships between group and individual members are important - moreland and levine 1982

Question 17

Who demonstated interrelationships between group and individual members are important ?

Answer 17

• Moreland & Levine, 1982

Question 18

In group socialisation what are the 5 membership phases?

Answer 18

1. prospective member (investigation)
2. marginal member (socialisation)
3. member (maintenance)
4. marginal member (re-socialisation)
5. ex-member (remembrance)

Question 19

What is role transition in group socialisation?

Answer 19

-where your membership to a group ends due to a chance, or development in which resocialization isnt an option
-role transitions can become ritualised events or rites of passage

Question 20

What are the social norms of group structure?

Answer 20

• can be formal or informal rules
  -they can regulate and guide behaviour
• some norms are universal, and some vary across cultures

Question 21

What are social norms in group defined as?

Answer 21

• uniformities of behaviour and attitudes that determie, organised and differentiate groups from others group

Question 22

Who defined social norms in group ?

Answer 22

• Sutton & Douglas 2020

Question 23

What are the two types of social norms?

Answer 23

-descriptive
-injunctive

Question 24

What are descriptive norms?

Answer 24

• norms that most people follow, whether they are right or wrong

Question 25

What are injunctive norms?

Answer 25

- norms that are perceived as being approved of by other people

Question 26

Why do norms work so well?

Answer 26

- often enforced -people often internalise them - they become fixed during socialisation -consenual -frequently activated -act as action heuristics to make life easier

Question 27

What did Barley & Bechky 1994 in social roles?

Answer 27

- groups with set roles tend to be more satisified and better perform

Question 28

What are the 3 types of violation of norms in a group?

Answer 28

1. deviants 2.imposters 3. schism and subgroups

Question 29

What are deviants in 3 types of violation of norms in a group?

Answer 29

- more disliked if they are in the group as they have gone against norms reflecting the group compared to someone out of the group -marginal group members deviate too far from protypical group members - helps group to point out what isnt going well and create social change - subjective group dynamics model - Marqures et al 2001

Question 30

Who created the subjective group dynamics model in deviants in 3 types of violation of norms in a group?

Answer 30

- Marques et al 2001

Question 31

What are imposters in 3 types of violation of norms in a group?

Answer 31

- posing as legitimate group member when they are not -" meat-eating vegeterians"- dereogated more by the ingroup than outgroup - Jetten et al 2005

Question 32

Who demonstrated "meat-eating vegetarians" theory in imposters in 3 types of violation of norms in a group?

Answer 32

- Jetten et al 2005

Question 33

What are schism and subgroups in 3 types of violation of norms in a group?

Answer 33

-schism: when groups break off and smaller groups form - can result in conflict for the larger group (Sani & Reacher 1998) - cross cutting categories- subgroups that represent categoies with members outside the larger group (Crisp & Hewstone 2007) - subgroups can exert influence on the group

Question 34

What are the 5 things a group can do for us?

Answer 34

1. interdependence 2. affiliation, similiarity and support 3. reducing uncertainty 4. need for social identity 5. optimal distinctiveness

Question 35

What is interdependence as one of the 5 things a group can do for us?

Answer 35

people can often achieve more in groups than when alone - Thibaut & Kelley 1959

Question 36

What is the key research in interdependence as one of the 5 things a group can do for us?

Answer 36

- Thibaut & Kelley 1959

Question 37

What is affiliation, similarity and support as one of the 5 things a group can do for us?

Answer 37

- grouping together with people who have the same attitudes - Baumeister & Leary 1995

Question 38

What is the key research in affiliation, similarity and support as one of the 5 things a group can do for us?

Answer 38

- Baumeister & Leary 1995

Question 39

What is reducing uncertainty as one of the 5 things a group can do for us?

Answer 39

- too much uncertainty about who we are can feel uncomfortable (Hogg et al 2008) and identifying with groups tells us a lot about who we are and how we are supposed to behave

Question 40

What is the key research in reducing uncertainty as one of the 5 things a group can do for us?

Answer 40

Hogg et al 2008

Question 41

What is need for social identity as one of the 5 things a group can do for us?

Answer 41

-positive consequences for the self (Tajfel & Turner 1979) and motivation to protect the group because it is past of the self image

Question 42

What is the key research in need for social identity as one of the 5 things a group can do for us?

Answer 42

Tajfel & Turner 1979

Question 43

What is optimal distinctiveness as one of the 5 things a group can do for us?

Answer 43

people like to distinguish themselves from others (Brewer, 1991) but need to affilitate with others and being in a group allows both

Question 44

What is the key research in optimal distinctiveness as one of the 5 things a group can do for us?

Answer 44

Brewer 1991