PERSONALITY Flashcards

Question

BEHAVIOUR correlates of the Big Five

Answer 1

Extraversion: - Preference for stimulant drugs - Quicker reaction time - positive emotionally Agreeableness: - Trustingness - cooperation in experimental games - Altruistic behaviour Conscientiousness: (organized, dependable) - longevity - work performance - low rates of substance use Neuroticism: (emotionally unstable) - low self-esteem - vulnerable to depression - negative emotionality Openness to experience: - artistic interests - more education - less prejudice

Answer 2

Mortality --> significant high mortality in poeple w - high SES (socio-economic status), extraversion, agreebleness, - low conscientiousness, IQ Divorce --> higher divorce rate in - high SES, neuroticism - low conscientiousness, agreeableness - bedroom: organised environment - photos: no human (less extraverted)

Answer 3

- Big 5-like factors have been found in studies of many languages - OTHER SPECIES ◦ Piglet extraversion = frequency of snout-touching

Answer 4

- “Questionnaire approach” DOES NOT assume that all important personality variation is captured by everyday language - Uses personality test items to derive basic factors

Answer 5

- Major proponent of the questionnaire method - Developed TWO-factor model * Extraversion * Neuroticism - Subsequently proposes 3RD factor * Psychoticism: aggressiveness, coldness, antisocial tendencies, egocentricity, vulnerability to psychotic disorders (eg: schizophrenia) - Proposed BIOLOGICAL bases for these factors - Others have developed similar 3-factor models

Answer 6

"The human body contains blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. These are the things that make up its constitution and cause tis pains and health. Health is primarily that state in which these constituent substances are in the correct proportion to each other, both in strength and quantity, and are well mixed.”

Answer 7

1. Are individual differences consistent? 2. Is the structure of traits universal? 3. Traits or types? 4. Are traits sufficient for describing personality?

Answer 8

- Behaviour expressing a trait in diff SITUATIONS often correlates WEAKLY * The SITUATION is the main determinant of behaviour (i.e., social psychological factors) * Traits are weak predictors of behaviour * Therefore personality tests lack validity --> Evidence Examples: Hartshorn and May (1928), Studies in deceit Gave thousands of 10- to 13-year children multiple behavioural tests of dishonesty * Lying * Cheating * Stealing - Dishonesty varied widely across situations, with little consistency Average correlation among tests = 0.26 Responses to Mischel’s critique: - ‘Weak’ correlations are still important - Consistency is greater for aggregate behaviour vs single behaviours - Situational influences are just as weak as dispositional influences - We need an interactionist view that recognizes traits, situations & their combined effects

Answer 9

- We can think about a person as having a distribution of behaviours along a trait dimension, from low to high * People high on a trait just engage in trait-related behaviour more

Answer 10

--> approach 1: translating English language personality tests can be a way to assess consistency of personality structure across cultures - UNIVERSAL: Multiple tests across many translations of the NEO-PI-R test (revised Big Five) suggest STRONG CONSISTENCY - NOT UNIVERSAL: factors sometimes have minor differences of content *Extraversion and agreeableness BETTER DESCRIBED as Dominance and Love in Filipino, Korean and Japanese samples --> approach 2: Indigenous' personality systems - Another approach is to start from OTHER cultures’ personality lexicon (vocab) UNIVERSAL: Among several European languages (i.e., English, French, German, Polish, Hungarian, Dutch, Italian, Czech) strong congruence for most Big Five factors, EXCEPT OPENNESS NOT UNIVERSAL: Occasionally apparent culture-specific factors emerge * ‘CHINESE tradition’ factor (Harmony, Ren Qing [relationship orientation], Thrift, Face, low Adventurousness) Other evidences: *Filipino* - 6900 person-descriptive terms extracted from a Filipino dictionary, reduced to 1297 by expert judge - Factor analyses of ratings yield 7 **dimensions** - Family resemblance between some of these factors and the Big Five, even if they don't perfectly correspond

Answer 11

- 6900 person-descriptive terms extracted from a Filipino dictionary, reduced to 1297 by expert judge - Factor analyses of ratings yield 7 dimensions - Family resemblance between some of these factors and the Big Five, even if they don't perfectly correspond

Answer 12

--> Traits vary by degress: they are dimensions --> ‘Type’ concept proposed by Jung * Extraversion - introversion * Sensation - intuition * Perception - judgement * Thinking - feeling - Common in popular psychology (eg: MBTI) - there is no persuasive evidence for any personality type - Jungian “types” appear to be dimensional

Answer 13

Traits are behavioural dispositions - Other aspects of personality might not be reducible to such behavioural tendencies ◦ Values ◦ Interests ◦ Character strengths

Answer 14

- beliefs about desirable end states / behaviours that transcend specific situations and guide selection / evaluation of behaviour and events - Cognitive, linked to motives and desires, intrinsically desirable and learned - Schwartz developed a model of 10 value types, replicated in about 60 countries --> Value examples: * UNIVERSALISM - broad-minded, environmentalism, social justice, wisdom * BENEVOLENCE (kind) - forgiving, helpful, honest, loyal, friendship * CONFORMITY - obedient, honouring parents, self-discipline * TRADITION - devout, humble, respect for tradition * SECURITY - safety, harmony, national security * POWER - authority, social power, wealth * ACHIEVEMENT - ambitious, capable, influential, successful * HEDONISM - enjoying life, pleasure * STIMULATION - an exciting life, a varied life, daring * SELF-DRIVEN - independence, creativity, curiosity, freedom

Answer 15

realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, conventional

Answer 16

- 'positive psychology' aims to study and promote human character strengths - Created in opposition to traditional focus on ABNORMALITY and CONFLICT - The VIA (values in action) taxonomy aims to classify character strengths that: * Are environmentally shaped * Contribute to fulfilment in life * Are valued in their own right * Do not diminish anyone in society when exercised

Answer 17

- traits are important but other alternatives are also essential in describing personality * Motives, needs, goals * Schemas, personal constructs * Life narratives

Answer 18

* Wisdom * Courage * Humanity * Justice * Temperance * Transcendence

Answer 19

McAdams' personality levels 1. Dispositional traits - Traits - General nature - Low depth - Short time to perceive 2. Characteristic adaptations - goals, values, vocational interests - contextual nature - medium depth - medium time to perceive 3. Life stories - identities, self-narratives - temporal and unique nature - high depth - long time to perceive

Answer 20

- DNA as source of our similarities and differences - About 20,000 protein-coding genes - About 3,000,000,000 DNA base pairs - Most DNA is shared between people - Genetic variation accounts for *99.6% is identical between any two people - Most influenced trait by genetics = conscientiousness > neuroticism > extraversion

Answer 21

- Efforts to explain the biological bases of personality differences - These operate at several levels, from 'distal' to 'proximal' * Genetics * Brain functioning - Neural systems - Neurostructures - Neurochemicals * Hormonal factors

Answer 22

1. FAMILY studies --> Examine resemblance between family members as a function of genetic relatedness - 50%: child, parents, sibling - 25%: grandparent, uncle, aunt, nephew, niece --> Greater resemblance for closer relations implies genetic contribution --> BUT: genetic contributions are confounded with shared environmental contributions 2. TWIN studies - Compare resemblance between monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins - MZ twins = 100% related, DZ twins= 50% related --> Greater resemblance for MZ twins implies genetic contribution --> Environments are same for both kinds of twin so environmental factors are not confounded --> BUT: possibility of more similar environments for MZ twins, and perhaps twins are unrepresentative 3. ADOPTION studies - Compare resemblance of adopted children to adoptive parents (APs) and biological parents (BPs) *APs are 0% related but supply environment, BPs are 50% related --> Degree of resemblance to APs and BPs shows environmental and genetic contributions -> BUT adoption must occur early, the problem of selective placement, biological mother provides prenatal environment as well as genes

Answer 23

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1) - resemblance is indexed by the correlation coefficient - perfect correlation = straight line

Answer 24

- Behavioural genetic studies yield estimates of heritability = proportion of population variance in the trait accounted for by genes (Eg .8 for height and weight, .4 for maths ability) - Most personality attributes show heritabilities from .3 to .5 - This is even true for apparently purely learned attributes (e.g., political attitudes, vocational interests)

Answer 25

Even if personality is substantially heritable … - This does not entail strong resemblance between parents and children on personality traits - Heritability relates to variation within a population: it says nothing ab genetic contribution to any individual’s personality - Heritability does not imply that personality is fixed - Heritability is consistent with substantial environmental contributions to personality * A 0.40 heritability = substantial environmental contribution to personality

Answer 26

One outcome of behavioural genetic research --> awareness of the role of the environment ‘SHARED’ environmental influences tend to be WEAK - e.g., parental education, class, ethnicity, diet --> ‘Non-shared’ environment is more influential - e.g., illnesses, friends, differential treatment by parents --> Environmental factors CAN also be genetically influenced - e.g., susceptibility to accidents & other life events

Answer 27

- Heritability says nothing ab specific genes / genetic mechanisms - Several specific genes have been identified in candidate gene studies, but DO NOT REPLICATE * Novelty-seeking and dopamine sensitivity * Neuroticism/shyness and serotonergic functioning - More recent research, surveying the entire genome in huge samples, finds few replicable personality genes - Most traits are INFLUENCED BY 100/1000 of genes, each with very small effect

Answer 28

--> Extraversion & low brain arousal leads to desire for stimulation (eg novelty, excitement) --> Neuroticism and limbic system reactivity (highly reactive - more neurotic behaviour) - Leads to greater autonomic NS arousal to threat and stress

Answer 29

--> impulsivity and 'behavioural activation system' (BAS) - linked to sensitivity to reward and pleasure - associated with a tendency to approach rewards - like being extraverted with neuroticism --> Anxiety and 'behavioural inhibition system' (BIS) - Linked to sensitivity to punishment & pain - Associated with a tendency to avoid punishments - Like neuroticism but introverted version

Answer 30

--> Some links have between found between Big 5 & brain structure volumes - Extraversion w a region involved in processing reward info - Agreeableness with regions that process information about other people’s intentions and mental states --> However, a recent meta-analysis suggests these links are questionable - A more promising direction is Big 5 correlates of functional connectivity in the brain

Answer 31

- Personality factors may be associated with neurotransmitter activity in the brain. --> Extraversion & dopamine levels * Exploration, approach & incentive motivation --> Neuroticism & norepinephrine levels * Negative emotion, vigilance for threat, cautiousness: ‘neurobehavioural warning system’ --> Agreeableness & opioids * Attachment processes --. Constraint & serotonin levels * Inhibition of emotional response, low impulsiveness; low serotonin → aggression & emotional instability

Answer 32

- There is evidence that personality is influenced by prenatal exposure to sex hormones - Ratio of 2nd (index) to 4th (ring) finger (2D:4D) is associated with testosterone exposure - Lower ratio in men than women, especially on right hand i.e., men tend to have longer ring finger than pointer finger - Among men, lower 2D:4D ratio correlates with: * Physical aggression * More stereotypically ‘masculine’ career interests (realistic & enterprising) * Less stereotypically feminine gender role - In women, lower 2D:4D ratio correlates with: * More indirect aggression (spreading rumours, malicious humour, excluding people) * More stereotypically ‘masculine’ interests (enterprising, less social)

Answer 33

--> Examined reactive aggression in women - Participants asked to raise money for fictitious charity by making calls - Calls went to kind but nondonating or hostile confederates - Hostility assessed by how hard phone was put down & by tone of follow-up letter - Women with lower 2D:4D were more hostile

Answer 34

- Reductionism: Belief that if something has a biological explanation than higher level (psychological) expl anations are unnecessary - Immutability (natural fallacy) : belief that if something is 'natural', it can't be altered - Determinism: if something has a biological cause, it's the way it is

Answer 35

- Theory by George Kelly - Proposes that humans are primarily driven to UNDERSTAND, PREDICT and CONTROL their environment - we develop 'theories' to assist in this process - these theories are 'personal constructs' * 'personal' --> idiosyncratic (peculaiar, individual) to constructs * we construct a sense of the world form these theories * we use them to construe (interpret) the world - To Kelly, human cognition is constrastive: BIPOLAR & CATEGORICAL (eg: warm vs cold, honest vs untrustworthy) - each person has a system of constructs in terms of which they perceive the world - this is a radical approach *focus on PERCEPTION vs BEHAVIOUR * 'idiographic focus on one's uniqueness

Answer 36

each person's constructs can be analysed in several ways: - simplicity vs complexity - rigidity - internal conflict

Answer 37

(Constructs are about how we PERCEIVE the world) --> attributions are about how we EXPLAIN it - People aim to determine the CAUSES of events and experiences - Attributions differ on several DIMENSIONS:--> (GIS) (SEN) *internal vs external (ie. dispositional vs situational) *stable vs unstable (ie. lasting vs transient) *global vs specific (ie. broad vs narrow) - Causes can vary along these dimensions

Answer 38

- attributional style is focused on NEGATIVE events - 'PESSIMISM' = the disposition to explain such events with internal, stable and global (GIS) causes - this sense of pessimism differs from standard sense (ie. negative expectations for the future) - pessimists may also explain positive events as external, unstable and specific (SEN) (eg, due to chance) - both pessimism and optimism may be IRRATIONAL *dispositional: leaning toward a particular way of thinking or acting

Answer 39

- vulnerability to depression - poorer academic performance - worse physical health - shorten life-span - worsen sales performance among sportspeople - losing US presidential elections - pessimistic song lyrics precede weak economic performance

Answer 40

--> ability to understand and manage our own feelings and of others - emotional and social abilities - It is measured not by self-ratings but by PERFORMANCE on tests with correct & incorrect answers - Correlates with Openness & Agreeableness - Has many correlates *Academic performance * Job performance *social sensitivity * Less ANTISOCIAL behaviour

Answer 41

- perceiving emotion - using emotion - managing emotion - understanding emotion

Answer 42

--> The self is a mental representation of one's PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES 1. self-complexity 2. self-esteem

Answer 43

(degree to which the self's structure is complex) --> defined as NUMBER of 'self aspects' and their level of DISTINCTNESS - EARLY RESEARCH suggested that greater complexity buffers people AGAINST NEGATIVE life events - However it is also associated with GREATER depression - if 'complexity' implies a fragmented, incoherent or confused self, it may have NEGATIVE consequences - ‘Self-concept clarity’ may be MORE IMPORTANT than self-complexity

Answer 44

- My beliefs about myself often conflict with one another - I spend a lot of time wondering what sort of person I am - Sometimes I feel that I am not really the person that I appear to be - My beliefs about myself seem to CHANGE very frequently

Answer 45

(degree to which the self is valued) - POSITIVE global evaluation of the self - Frequently claimed to have many benefits, but … * need for positive self view may NOT be universal * Little evidence it PROMOTES (rather than results from) academic achievement * Little evidence that it promotes work performance * Little evidence it promotes health * Not associated with less antisocial behaviour * Not associated with greater social sensitivity * May promote aggression in response to insults and when self-esteem is threatened

Answer 46

- The stability / consistency of self-esteem may matter MORE than its level - ‘FRAGILE’ self-esteem fluctuates in response to life events - ‘DEFENSIVE’ self-esteem *High explicit + low implicit self- esteem - NARCISSISM: * Sense of superiority & arrogance * Entitlement to special treatment * Need for admiration * Sensitivity to criticism

Answer 47

--> Arguably, social networking sites are ideal playgrounds for NARCISSITS, with opportunities to create self-promoting content - Display personal appearance - Pursue many shallow relationships - Davenport (2014) study:

Answer 48

- how Facebook & Twitter use correlates with narcissism * “my body is nothing special” vs. “I like to look at my body” * “I am more capable than other people” vs. “There is a lot that I can learn from other people” --> More narcissistic people … - Were more active on Facebook & had more FB friends - Tweeted more & had more Twitter followers - Wanted their profiles to attract friends/followers more - Believed it was more important that friends/followers admired them - Research on Instagram shows similar findings: narcissism goes with more selfies, more time & more frequent profile picture updates - Associations with narcissism may be larger for social media with a strong visual component

Answer 49

--> Explains personality with ref to cognitive processes & structures --> Thoughts, plans, memories, beliefs, strategies - Focus on ways of thinking & the construction of meaning - Having vs doing - People as active sense-makers - Emphasis on ‘experience-near’ phenomena - Motivation to understand & predict - Person-as-scientist model

Answer 50

FOCCE - Forensic psychology - Organisational psychology - Clinical psychology - Counselling psychology - Educational psychology

Answer 51

- Assessment appears to be subjective - There is no infallible (unfailing) source of info about the person - the 'object' being measured KNOWS it is being measured - personality traits are NOT directly observable

Answer 52

--> Degree to which personality is measured well is captured by 2 main concepts: - RELIABILITY: does the measurement yield CONSISTENT, DEPENDABLE & ERROR-FREE information ? - VALIDITY: does the measurement assess what it is INTENDED to assess & is USEFUL?

Answer 53

--> INTERNAL consistency - Do the components of the test all cohere? - All test items should correlate with one another ? --> INTER-rater reliability - does the test provide the SAME info about the person when different people administer it? --> RE-TEST reliability - does the test yield similar scores when it is administered to the SAME person on diff OCCASIONS HIGHT RELIABILITY = HIGH CONSISTENCY = LOW measurement error

Answer 54

--> 2 components - Does the test measure what it is intended to measure? (CCD) * CONTENT validity * CONVERGENT validity * DISCRIMINANT validity - Does the test provide practically useful information? - predictive validity

Answer 55

- all items should intercorrelate - the same score should occur whoever gives it - ppl should get similar scores when they do it twice - all items should clearly relate with other measures of Y & Z - it should correlate with things that X related to --> reliability & validity are both essential. but if reliability is LOW, validity CANNOT be high

Answer 56

exists when there is inconsistency in what tests measure

Answer 57

exists when the test does not measure what it should (targeting the bullseye)

Answer 58

(IPPI) - Interviews - Personality inventories - Projective tests - Implicit personality tests

Answer 59

--> Interviews are RARELY used in personality assessment - Time-consuming & labour-intensive - Subjective (i.e., poor inter-rater (inter-interviewer) reliability) - Interview interactions are prone biases *Halo effect, self-fulfilling prophecy, confirmation bias - Sometimes used for assessing attributes where the person may NOT BE be a RELIABLE INFORMANT, and/or where INTERPERSONAL & NONVERBAL behaviour may be revealing * EG: Personality disorders

Answer 60

- structured - unstructured - semi-structured (structure + flexibility) - 'provocative' (connecting w 2 parties) * (Type A personality)

Answer 61

- self-report personality tests - composed of multiple items - items form scales: * omnibus (combined test, looks at the big picture) tests with many scales * single-scale tests * generally at least 10 items / scale - variety of response scales * true/false * likert scales (strongly disagree <--> strongly agree)

Answer 62

- Item generation - pilot testing - item analysis * check internal CONSISTENCY * factor analysis - select OPTIMAL items for final scales - RETEST on new sample - CORRELATE w other tests & prediction criteria - develop NORMS

Answer 63

- developed in 1940s for comprehensive clinical personality assessment - 10 clinical scales, 3 validity scales; 566 items - scale development via CRITERION GROUPS METHOD * items that best differentiated known CLINICAL groups selected fr LARGE ORIGINAL item set - scales converted to T-scores (m=50, sd=10) - interpretation of scale profiles

Answer 64

- Inventories are vulnerable to response BIASES & limitations of SELF-KNOWLEDGE - Longer tests include validity scales to check for this: * Lie scales (faking good) * infrequency scales (faking bad, random responding) *defensiveness scales (subtle guardedness) * inconsistency scales (carelessness, random responding)

Answer 65

- Developed by Henry Murray - Idiographic approach - Series of monochromatic images - Person tells EXTENDED STORY about what is happening in the picture - Responses coded for REPEATED THEMES in the stories: motives attributed to protagonists, interpersonal conflict, ways of handling conflict etc

Answer 66

- Developed to bypass PROBLEMS of self-report - Aim to penetrate to DEEPER levels of personality * Dynamics, object relations, core motives - Allied with psychoanalytic approach - Involve deliberate ambiguity & OPEN-ENDEDNESS * Ambiguous stimuli * Unstructured responses - ASSUMPTION: personality will be ‘projected’ onto stimuli without defensive distortions operating

Answer 67

- only FEW widely accepted scoring conventions–-->inter-scorer unreliability - BUT... Rigorous scoring systems for defense mechanisms * Denial & projection (Cramer) - System for scoring motives * Need for ACHIEVEMENT (McClelland); DOES NOT correlate with self-reported achievement striving

Answer 68

- presents a series of ambiguous, symmetrical inkblots - person says what objects are seen and on what basis they're seen (beetle, bat, pelvis, vertebrae, fish, etc) - responses are scored on many dimensions - psychologist then classifies their answers and uses those classifications to make judgements about the person's personality

Answer 69

- number of distinct percepts - complexity/integration of percepts - content themes - plausibility of percepts (ie. are they recognisable) - response to COLOUR - use of SHADING/blank space

Answer 70

- time consuming - encourages 'wild' interpretation - low inter-scorer reliability - predictive validity generally weak compared to self-report tests - often little 'incremental (small gradual increase) validity' beyond self report tests

Answer 71

- forms of testing based on RAPID, AUTOMATIC responses - in principle difficult to fake & less susceptible to response bias

Answer 72

- Four sets of words * Self: me, my, mine * not-self: they, them, their * extraversion: active, confident, outgoing * introversion: aloof, reserved, serious - Two blocks of traits where person must RAPIDLY classify words (in red in figure) into diff pairings of words (top corners) - Quicker classification for the LEFT BLOCK if ‘self’ is associated w ‘introversion’ (self introvert, not-self extravert) - Quicker classification for the RIGHT block if ‘self’ is associated w ‘extraversion’ (self extravert, not-self introvert)

Answer 73

- challenging but CAN be done - requires attention to validity & reliability - modes of assessment that doesn't check of attention to validity AND reliability: such as interviews and projective tests

Answer 74

--> according to many theorists, personality essentially IS FIXED in adulthood. --> Trait theory: traits are stable by definition --> Biological approaches: heritability may imply stablility, but. MATHEMATICAL change can also be genetically programmed --> psychoanalysis: childhood determinism --> Cognitive approaches: if personality is made up of COGNITIONS and cognitions can change, them personality is MALLEABLE *cognition - mental action/process acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience and sense.

Answer 75

--> Mischel (1990) - 4yo participants completed a delay of gratification task - 11-14 years they were re-examined - RESULTS: delay as child associated w * greater planfulness (carefully goal oriented) * greater stress tolerance * better SAT scores - SELF-CONTROL 40 years later - BMI 30 years later --> explains stability of personality

Answer 76

- LONGITUDINAL studies for personality - Correlating personality scales across time allows a measure of 'rank order stability' - Costa and McCrae report correlations of ~0.65 for the Big Five over a 20-year period after age 30 - If someone is above average on a factor at 30 they have an 83% chance of being above average at 50 (Odds 5:1) - stability increases with AGE - Rank-order stability increases over TIME - Meta-analysis by calculated test correlations over a 7-year period at different ages

Answer 77

FEGPIE - Genetic influences - Environmental channelling - Environmental selection - Freedom from disruptive life changes - Psychological resources - Identity formation

Answer 78

- rank-order stability relates to people's position relative to their PEERS - it is compatible with 'mean-level change'

Answer 79

--> Correlational (rank-order) meaning = people's personality is/isn't highly CORRELATED over time --> Mean-level meaning = people's AVERAGE level of personality is/isn't stable over time --> these 2 kinds of change/stability can occur in any combination, and answers WIlliam James question (that we have set character like plaster by age of 30)

Answer 80

- numerous longitudinal studies of Big 5 personalities factors have been carried out - these find reliable evidence of personality change on ALL factors: * Neuroticism declines * Extraversion declines * Openness declines * Conscientiousness declines **** Agreeableness = STABLE - some of these findings CONTRADICT earlier ones based on cross-sectional surveys

Answer 81

- such change may reflect changing life circumstances and social roles & expectations - longitudinal study: * young mothers (btwn uni-27yo) became more responsible, tolerant and feminine, less sociable and self-accepting than childless peers - average aged mothers (21-43) became homemakers showed SMALLER increases in independence than childless peers

Answer 82

- Young people typically become * more agreeable and conscientious * less neurotic during the transition to adulthood - Educational challenges in the transition from school --> uni are associated with growth in Conscientiousness -work attainment 18-26yo associated w * increased self-confidence & sociability, * decreased anxiety - Transition to first intimate partner relationship is associated with lasting * reductions in neuroticism and shyness - International sojourns (stay temporarily) for uni students raise agreeableness and openness

Answer 83

--> how personality has changed over time in society --> Cross-temporal meta-analysis: comparing mean levels of attributes across time - In uni samples, Jean Twenge has found: * Self-esteem increases * Extraversion rises * Neuroticism/anxiousness rises * External attribution rises * Women's assertiveness rises 1930s-50, falls 1950s-70s, rises 1970s-present --> Personality trait levels respond to cultural changes

Answer 84

--> these psychosical stages extend and broaded Freud's psychosexual stages (each stage has a central theme/challenge) 1. Basic trust vs mistrust (eg infancy) 2. Autonomy vs shame and doubt (eg toddler-hood) 3. Initiative vs guilt (eg pre-school) 4. Industry vs inferiority (eg school years) 5. Identity vs identity vs identity confusion (eg uni years), 'psychological moratorium'; trying on of identities, risk of 'foreclosing' 6. Intimacy vs isolation (eg young adulthood, close relationships) 7. Generativity vs stagnation (eg mid-life) *Sense of meaningful contribution 8. Integrity vs despair (eg old age) *Wisdom and transcendent satisfaction with one's life Key message: How traits are EXPRESSED will DIFFER depending on the central themes of particular life stages

Answer 85

- Wellbeing & self-improvement - Optimism about psychological treatment - Attitudes towards rehabilitation - Our view of human nature

Answer 86

- Life narratives express SEQUENCES of personal change - They have been likened to personal myths - Seeing one’s life as a ‘hero’s journey’ correlates w greater meaning in life & wellbeing - A ‘re-storying’ intervention increased life M & RESILIENCE

Answer 87

1. ENTITY theory: personality is fixed (you cant teach an old dog new tricks) ENTITY theorists: - Are more likely to endorse social stereotypes - More likely to make rapid judgements about others based on minimal evidence - Are less likely to resolve conflicts 2. INCREMENTAL theory: personality is malleable

PERSONALITY Flashcards

(111 cards)