Psychology GRE > PERSONALITY > Flashcards

PERSONALITY Flashcards

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1
Q

PERSONALITY

A
  • study of why people act the way they do and why different people act differently
  • overlap between clinical theorist and personality
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2
Q

Old school: type theory

A
  • based on physical appearance
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3
Q

Phrenology (type theory)

A
  • practice of examinging head and skull shape used to determine personality
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4
Q

Sheldon (type theory)

A
  • system based on somatotypes (body)

- 3 types

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5
Q

Endomorph

A
  • short, plump body = pleasure seeking, social behaviour
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6
Q

Mesomorph

A
  • muscular, atheltic body = energetic, aggressive behaviour
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7
Q

Ectomorph

A
  • skinny, fragile body = inhibited, intellectural behaviour
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8
Q

Alder (personality typology)

A
  • most recent than sheldon to use personality typology

- choleric, phelgmatic, melancholic, sanguine

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9
Q

New school: trait theory

A
  • allport emphasize ideograhpic approach to personality
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10
Q

Ideographic approach

A
  • captures unique, defining characteristics
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11
Q

Nomothetic approach

A
  • uses large numbers of ppl to study commonalites of personality
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12
Q

Allport’s concern in ideographic approch

A
  • proprium or propriate function (his version of the ego)

- bevlievd that proprium acted on a consistent basis via traits that had develoed through experiene

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13
Q

Traits

A
  • stable characteristics of beavhiour that person exhibits
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14
Q

Lexical approach

A
  • picking all tratis out of dictioning
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15
Q

People act differnt in different situations because of:

A
  • trait hierarchy
  • cardinal trait, central trait, secondary traits
  • situations may cause conflicting secondary traits but will always have consistent cardinal traits
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16
Q

States

A
  • temporary feelings or characteristiccs
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17
Q

Taxonomies

A
  • statistical techniques to create organized categorization systems for personality
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18
Q

Cattell’s personality facors

A
  • used factor analysis in reduce allport 5000 traits

- identified 16 bipolar source traits e.g. relaxed-tense

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19
Q

Big 5

A
  • using computer models

- could not replicate cattells’ 16 personality factors but found 5 superfactors

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20
Q

O dimension

A
  • openness to experience, intellectural curiosity
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21
Q

C dimension

A
  • conscienctiousness
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22
Q

E dimension

A
  • extraversion, enthusiam
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23
Q

A dimension

A
  • agreeableness
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24
Q

N dimension

A
  • neuroticism, nervousnesss
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25
Dispositionits
- orgianlly dominated personality theory | - emphasized internal determinants of behaviour
26
Situationsits
- such as behaviourist aruge that only circusmtances determine baheviour
27
Interactionists
- combination of stalbe, internal factors and situations influence behaviour
28
Epstien and Mischel
- trait and type theories are problematic | - assume person's beahviour is stable across situations and fail to account for circumstnaces
29
Consistency paradox
- that people may behave inconsistently | - problematic for labeling people as having 1 internal disposition
30
Cantor
- cogntiive prototpe approach - cognitive behaviour is examined in social situtions - consistency of behaviour is result of cognitive process vs. personality traits
31
Heritability of personality
- 40-50% based on twin studies
32
Nature nuture debate
- most alive in gender difference | - after accounting for social reinforcement, few gender difference exists
33
Deux and women's success
- sterotypical male task are attributed to luck and men's success is attributed to skill - gender is social construct - women have lower self-esteem because also contriute success to luck
34
Bem - androgyny
- possesing both M and F qualities - Bem Sex Role Inventory - have higher self-esteem, lower anxiety, more adapatiblity than counterparts
35
Horner
- females shunned masculine type success not because of fear of failure or interest but because they feared success and it's negative reprucssion e.g resentment and rejection
36
Maccoby and Jacklin
- critcized sex differnce - few existed and could not be explained by social learning - consistent differences are females have greater verbal skills and males have greater visual/spatial ability - attributed to biological and hormal differnces
37
Depression - woman vs. men
- woman 2x
38
Friedman and rosenman
- studied type A personality - drive, competition, aggressiveness, tension and hostility - found in upper class men
39
Dahstrom
- linked type A personality to heart disease
40
Authoritarianmis
- dispositon to view world as full of power relationships | - highly domineering or highly submissivee depdneing on if they are in power or around someone more powerful
41
F- scale
- measures authoritarianism | - conventional, aggression, sterotyping and anti-introspective individuals
42
Eysenck
- used factor analysis to find underlying tratis of 2 personality type dimensions - introversion-extraversion and stable-unstable (neurotic)
43
2 dimesnions of Eysenck formed 4 quandrants
- phlegmatic - melancholic - choleric - sanguine
44
2 dimensions of Eysenck using factor analysis of the 2 personality-type dimensions
- introversion-extraversion | - stable-unstable (neuroticism)
45
Maslow (personality)
- hierarchy of needs
46
Kelley (personality)
- personal constructs (conscious ideas about the self, others, and situations) determine personality and behaviours
47
Epstien (personality)
- critical personality trait theory
48
External locus of control
- personality characteristics that cause one to view events as the results of luck or fate - too much of this breeds helplessness
49
Internal locus of control
- cause a person to view events as the outcome of her own actions - too much of this can breed self-blame (developed by Julian Rotter)
50
Julian Rotter
- external and internal locus of control
51
Implicit theories
- people often make assumptions about the disposition of an individual based on the actions of that person
52
Dispositional attribution
- tendency for other to think that actions are caused by person's personality than by the situation
53
Fundamental attribution error
- tendency for others to think that ctions are caused more by a person's personality than by situation
54
Barnum effect
- tendency to agree with and accept personality inerpretations that are provided
55
Pheomenological view of personaity types
- focuses on individuals' unique self and experiences
56
Self awareness (state)
- temporary condition of being aware of how you are thinking, feeling or doing
57
Mirrors (personality)
- make people more self-aware - small mirrors = not make people self-aware because we see small mirrors all the time - large = see ourselves as others do
58
Self-monitoring
- characterized by scutiny of one's own behaviour, motivation to act appropriately rather than honeslty, and ability to mask true feelings
59
Self-consciousness
- a trait - refers to how one generally becomes self-aware - if you pay alot of attention to yourself = self-aware
60
Self-esteem
- knowing that you are worthwhile and being in touch with your actual streghts - 50% people percieve themselves accurately - 35% percieve themselves narcissitically
61
Self-efficacy
- person's beliefs that they can effectively perform a task
62
Narcissim
- believe you are better than everyone | - unrealistic
63
Self-handicapping
- self-defeating beahviour that allows one to dismiss failure
64
Learned helplessness
- Seligman - how expeirne can change peope's personalities - when feel out of control, negative explanatory style - person gives up - countered with learned optimism
65
Learned optimism
- countes learned helplessness
66
Costa and McCrae
- personality changes very little after age 30
67
Stimulus-seeking
- individuals have great need for arousal
68
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and Californi Personality Inventory (CPI)
- 2 most famous personality tests
69
Henry Murray
- develop Thematic Apperception test (TAT) - ambiguous story card - people would project their own needs onto these cards e.g. need for achievement
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