What are local effects a result from
direct application of a drug to a tissue
when do systemic effects occur
after the drug is absorbed by any route and distributed by the bloodstream
rate of absorption for topical
hours to days
rate of absorption for oral
30-90 mins
rate of absorption for rectal
5-30 mins (unpredictable)
rate of absorption for subcutaneous injection
15-30 mins
rate of absorption for IM injection
10-20 mins
rate of absorption for sublingual tablet
3-5 mins
rate of absorption for sublingual spray
3 mins
rate of absorption for inhalation
3 mins
rate of absorption for IO
60 seconds (considered best alternate route if no IV access)
rate of absorption for IV
30-60 seconds
rate of absorption for intracardiac
15 seconds
percutaneous route
medications absorbed through the skin or mucous membranes.
enteral route
medications absorbed somewhere along the gastrointestinal tract
parenteral route
administered via any other route than the digestive tract, skin, and mucous membranes.
what is pharmacokinetics the study of
the metabolism and action of medications within the body, specifically the time required for absorption, duration of action, distribution in the body, and method of excretion.
